Introduction: The early detection of cognitive decline is key to maximizing the benefits of preventive and therapeutic interventions against dementia. Generally, dementia is first assessed by interview-based neuropsychological tests, but the lengthy interview and mental stress during the assessment process make screenings inefficient. We previously developed a rapid screening test for dementia using an eye-tracking technology (eye-tracking-based cognitive assessment [ETCA]) and reported its utility for clinically detecting cognitive impairment in dementia cases. However, the ETCA’s performance in detecting people with mild cognitive decline, which is the major target population for dementia prevention strategies, remains insufficiently examined. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the ETCA’s performance in individuals aged 40 years and older (n = 94, mean age: 61.0 [SD 13.1] years) without being formally diagnosed with dementia. Methods: All participants underwent both the ETCA and neuropsychological tests, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT), and Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-III (ACE-III) on the same day. We examined the correlations in scores between the ETCA and each neuropsychological test. Furthermore, we selected participants who earned normal scores in each neuropsychological test and evaluated the ETCA’s performance in this subgroup. Results: Participants’ ETCA scores correlated significantly with their scores on neuropsychological tests, including the MMSE, RBMT, and ACE-III. Notably, the ETCA scores correlated with the RBMT or ACE-III scores in individuals who showed normal scores in each neuropsychological test. Conclusion: The ETCA has the potential to screen mild cognitive decline efficiently at the predementia stage in nonclinical settings.

1.
Aranda
MP
,
Kremer
IN
,
Hinton
L
,
Zissimopoulos
J
,
Whitmer
RA
,
Hummel
CH
, et al
.
Impact of dementia: health disparities, population trends, care interventions, and economic costs
.
J Am Geriatr Soc
.
2021
;
69
(
7
):
1774
83
.
2.
Livingston
G
,
Huntley
J
,
Sommerlad
A
,
Ames
D
,
Ballard
C
,
Banerjee
S
, et al
.
Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission
.
Lancet
.
2020
;
396
(
10248
):
413
46
.
3.
Quitoriano
J
,
Hamm
RM
.
In patients suspected of cognitive decline, what is the most accurate in-office screening instrument to determine if there is dementia needing further evaluation and management
.
J Okla State Med Assoc
.
2017
;
110
(
8
):
454
7
.
4.
Schneider
LS
,
Sano
M
.
Current Alzheimer’s disease clinical trials: methods and placebo outcomes
.
Alzheimers Dement
.
2009
;
5
(
5
):
388
97
.
5.
van Dyck
CH
,
Swanson
CJ
,
Aisen
P
,
Bateman
RJ
,
Chen
C
,
Gee
M
, et al
.
Lecanemab in early Alzheimer’s disease
.
N Engl J Med
.
2023
;
388
(
1
):
9
21
.
6.
Sabbagh
MN
,
Boada
M
,
Borson
S
,
Chilukuri
M
,
Doraiswamy
PM
,
Dubois
B
, et al
.
Rationale for Early diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) supported by emerging digital technologies
.
J Prev Alzheimers Dis
.
2020
;
7
(
3
):
158
64
.
7.
Horigome
T
,
Hino
K
,
Toyoshiba
H
,
Shindo
N
,
Funaki
K
,
Eguchi
Y
, et al
.
Identifying neurocognitive disorder using vector representation of free conversation
.
Sci Rep
.
2022
;
12
(
1
):
12461
.
8.
Noguchi-Shinohara
M
,
Domoto
C
,
Yoshida
T
,
Niwa
K
,
Yuki-Nozaki
S
,
Samuraki-Yokohama
M
, et al
.
A new computerized assessment battery for cognition (C-ABC) to detect mild cognitive impairment and dementia around 5 min
.
PLoS One
.
2020
;
15
(
12
):
e0243469
.
9.
Umeda-Kameyama
Y
,
Kameyama
M
,
Tanaka
T
,
Son
BK
,
Kojima
T
,
Fukasawa
M
, et al
.
Screening of Alzheimer’s disease by facial complexion using artificial intelligence
.
Aging
.
2021
;
13
(
2
):
1765
72
.
10.
Oyama
A
,
Takeda
S
,
Ito
Y
,
Nakajima
T
,
Takami
Y
,
Takeya
Y
, et al
.
Novel method for rapid assessment of cognitive impairment using high-performance eye-tracking technology
.
Sci Rep
.
2019
;
9
(
1
):
12932
.
11.
Tadokoro
K
,
Yamashita
T
,
Fukui
Y
,
Nomura
E
,
Ohta
Y
,
Ueno
S
, et al
.
Early detection of cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease with a novel eye tracking test
.
J Neurol Sci
.
2021
;
427
:
117529
.
12.
Kourtis
LC
,
Regele
OB
,
Wright
JM
,
Jones
GB
.
Digital biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease: the mobile/wearable devices opportunity
.
NPJ Digit Med
.
2019
;
2
:
9
.
13.
Folstein
MF
,
Folstein
SE
,
McHugh
PR
.
“Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician
.
J Psychiatr Res
.
1975
;
12
(
3
):
189
98
.
14.
Tombaugh
TN
,
McIntyre
NJ
.
The mini-mental state examination: a comprehensive review
.
J Am Geriatr Soc
.
1992
;
40
(
9
):
922
35
.
15.
Bruno
D
,
Schurmann Vignaga
S
.
Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination III in the diagnosis of dementia: a critical review
.
Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat
.
2019
;
15
:
441
7
.
16.
Takenoshita
S
,
Terada
S
,
Yoshida
H
,
Yamaguchi
M
,
Yabe
M
,
Imai
N
, et al
.
Validation of Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination III for detecting mild cognitive impairment and dementia in Japan
.
BMC Geriatr
.
2019
;
19
(
1
):
123
.
17.
Wilson
B
,
Cockburn
J
,
Baddeley
A
,
Hiorns
R
.
The development and validation of a test battery for detecting and monitoring everyday memory problems
.
J Clin Exp Neuropsychol
.
1989
;
11
(
6
):
855
70
.
18.
Steibel
NM
,
Olchik
MR
,
Yassuda
MS
,
Finger
G
,
Gomes
I
.
Influence of age and education on the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT) among healthy elderly
.
Dement Neuropsychol
.
2016
;
10
(
1
):
26
30
.
19.
Kazui
H
,
Matsuda
A
,
Hirono
N
,
Mori
E
,
Miyoshi
N
,
Ogino
A
, et al
.
Everyday memory impairment of patients with mild cognitive impairment
.
Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord
.
2005
;
19
(
5–6
):
331
7
.
20.
Yamasue
H
,
Okada
T
,
Munesue
T
,
Kuroda
M
,
Fujioka
T
,
Uno
Y
, et al
.
Effect of intranasal oxytocin on the core social symptoms of autism spectrum disorder: a randomized clinical trial
.
Mol Psychiatry
.
2020
;
25
(
8
):
1849
58
.
21.
Nishizato
M
,
Fujisawa
TX
,
Kosaka
H
,
Tomoda
A
.
Developmental changes in social attention and oxytocin levels in infants and children
.
Sci Rep
.
2017
;
7
(
1
):
2540
.
22.
Fujioka
T
,
Inohara
K
,
Okamoto
Y
,
Masuya
Y
,
Ishitobi
M
,
Saito
DN
, et al
.
Gazefinder as a clinical supplementary tool for discriminating between autism spectrum disorder and typical development in male adolescents and adults
.
Mol Autism
.
2016
;
7
:
19
.
23.
Hoops
S
,
Nazem
S
,
Siderowf
AD
,
Duda
JE
,
Xie
SX
,
Stern
MB
, et al
.
Validity of the MoCA and MMSE in the detection of MCI and dementia in Parkinson disease
.
Neurology
.
2009
;
73
(
21
):
1738
45
.
24.
Diniz
BS
,
Yassuda
MS
,
Nunes
PV
,
Radanovic
M
,
Forlenza
OV
.
Mini-mental state examination performance in mild cognitive impairment subtypes
.
Int Psychogeriatr
.
2007
;
19
(
4
):
647
56
.
25.
Jia
X
,
Wang
Z
,
Huang
F
,
Su
C
,
Du
W
,
Jiang
H
, et al
.
A comparison of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) for mild cognitive impairment screening in Chinese middle-aged and older population: a cross-sectional study
.
BMC Psychiatry
.
2021
;
21
(
1
):
485
.
26.
Johansson
M
,
Wressle
E
.
Validation of the neurobehavioral cognitive status examination and the Rivermead behavioural memory test in investigations of dementia
.
Scand J Occup Ther
.
2012
;
19
(
3
):
282
7
.
27.
Heirene
R
,
John
B
,
Roderique-Davies
G
.
Identification and evaluation of neuropsychological tools used in the assessment of alcohol-related cognitive impairment: a systematic review
.
Front Psychol
.
2018
;
9
:
2618
.
28.
Olusanya
BO
,
Davis
AC
,
Hoffman
HJ
.
Hearing loss: rising prevalence and impact
.
Bull World Health Organ
.
2019
;
97
(
10
):
646
A
.
You do not currently have access to this content.