...Yu Tang; Li Zhao; Na Lei; Pingrun Chen; Yan Zhang Background: Crohn’s disease (CD) is strongly associated with depression, but the mechanisms underlying this relationship are not fully understood. Recently, neuroimmunological studies have demonstrated that proinflammatory monocytes/macrophages play...

...), but not gluten, as major stimulators of innate immune cells (dendritic cells > macrophages > monocytes), while intestinal epithelial cells were nonresponsive. ATIs bind to and activate the CD14-MD2 toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) complex. This activation occurs both in vitro and in vivo after oral ingestion...