..., and in gastrointestinal lesions following hemorrhagic shock, ischemia-reperfusion, and ingestion of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or ethanol. Leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions also appear to be a target for the action of various drugs proven to be useful in the treatment of gastrointestinal inflammatory...

... include pancreatic fibrosis, interstitial hypertension and pancreatic ischemia. Additionally, extrapancreatic causes like duodenal and common bile duct stenosis with scarring due to pancreatic inflammation are suggested as factors causing pain in CP. The ‘neurogenic inflammation’ hypothesis...