..., among others, appropriate dosage, utilization of assays that determine thiopurine, calcineurin inhibitors and anti-tumor necrosis factor levels, introduction of combination therapy when indicated (enemas and immunomodulators) and a long enough time for treatment to become effective. Colectomy is always...

... is divided into emergency, urgent, and elective procedures. Emergency cases are performed for complications of fulminant colitis: hemorrhage, perforation, toxic megacolon or sepsis. A subtotal colectomy (STC) with a Brooke ileostomy (BI) is the procedure of choice. STC removes the bulk of the disease, allows...