...Fernando Sierra-Arango; José de la Hoz-Valle; Juan Pablo Espinosa; José Moreno-Montoya; Mariana Vásquez Roldan; Erika D. Pérez-Riveros Background: Topical treatments and botulinum toxin injections are valid options for the management of patients with chronic anal fissures (CAF), but little is known...

.... Except for intragastric balloon, all mentioned procedures are rather new, tested on a small number of human subjects, with a high rate of success, but with limited knowledge on safety and long-term efficacy. The role of gastric electrical stimulation and intragastric injections of botulinum toxin...

... or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Achalasia Etiology Pneumatic dilatation Botulinum toxin Minimally invasive surgery...

..., an elevated resting LES pressure. Pneumatic dilation and Heller cardiomyotomy have been the time-honored, accepted treatments, but each may carry significant morbidity. Recently, intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin has been shown to be an effective treatment for achalasia, probably by reducing...