Abstract
A 40-year-old male without any past medical history accidentally swallowed a titanium dental instrument (reamer) for root canal treatment. A cathartic was prescribed at a local hospital, and the course was observed. However, since the reamer was not excreted in feces, he was referred to our hospital. After admission, CT, lower gastrointestinal endoscopy, and barium enema revealed the migration of a foreign body into the appendix and its protrusion into the intraperitoneal cavity. As an emergency operation, laparoscopic appendectomy including the foreign body was performed. The following course was favorable without postoperative complications, and he was discharged on the 2nd hospital day. We report a patient with appendiceal perforation due to a foreign body (dental instrument for root canal treatment) in the appendix.
Introduction
Among the differential diagnoses of acute abdomen, acute appendicitis is the most frequently observed and a very important one. As a cause of acute appendicitis, migration of a foreign body was reported [1]. Ingested foreign bodies are generally excreted in feces spontaneously, but are retained in the gastrointestinal tract in about 1% [1, 2], inducing complications such as gastrointestinal perforation. In particular, migration into the appendix is extremely rare because of the narrow orifice of the appendix. We report a patient with appendiceal perforation due to a foreign body in the appendix.
Case Presentation
A 40-year-old male with no medical history was admitted. He accidentally ingested a titanium dental instrument (reamer) for root canal treatment. A cathartic was prescribed at a local hospital, and the course was observed. However, since the reamer was not excreted in feces, he was referred to our hospital.
On physical examination at the first visit, he was conscious. His blood pressure was 108/75 mm Hg, his heart rate was 73 bpm, and his body temperature was 36.7°C. The abdomen was flat and soft, and there was no abdominal pain, tenderness, or rebound tenderness. Laboratory data show that the WBC count was slightly increased (9,700/μL), but there were no other abnormalities.
Plain abdominal radiography shows neither an abnormal gas image nor free air. There was an area with decreased radiolucency (about 3 cm) in the right lower abdominal area. Abdominal contrast-enhanced CT was performed. The size of the appendix was 7 mm, but no clear thickening of the wall was observed. A linear high attenuation shadow protruding from the appendix was present (Fig. 1). There was neither ascites retention nor free air.
Fluoroscopy-guided lower gastrointestinal endoscopy shows that the appendiceal orifice was open, but no clear foreign body was observed. Vermography performed from the appendiceal root showed migration of a foreign body into the appendix and extraappendiceal protrusion of its tip (Fig. 2). A diagnosis of perforated appendicitis due to a foreign body in the appendix was made, and emergency laparoscopic appendectomy was performed.
The tip of the foreign body perforating through the appendiceal wall was observed.
The tip of the foreign body perforating through the appendiceal wall was observed.
When the abdominal cavity was observed, no protrusion of the tip of the foreign body was noted. After the mesoappendix was cut using laparoscopic coagulation shears, the appendiceal root was cut using an ENDO-GIA White (45–2.5)®. When the resected appendix was opened, a foreign body (33 mm) penetrating to the mesoappendix side was observed. There was no macroscopically clear inflammation (Fig. 3). Histopathologically, the size of the resected appendix was 7 × 8 × 68 mm. Inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis were only partly present. His postoperative course was favorable, and he was discharged on the 2nd hospital day.
Discussion
The incidence of migration of a gastrointestinal foreign body into the appendix is 0.2–0.75% due to the small orifice of the appendix [3]. Appendiceal perforation due to gastrointestinal foreign bodies is considered to be extremely rare.
In our patient, the foreign body was a titanium dental instrument (reamer) for dental canal treatment. Foreign bodies causing gastrointestinal perforation are associated with dietary habits in Japan and are mostly fish bone (44–65%) [4].
For diagnosis, CT is the most useful, showing a detection rate of 60–63%. Foreign bodies are visualized as high attenuation areas [5]. In our patient, since the foreign body was a metal instrument, the diagnosis was straightforward. A search of the PubMed revealed no report of appendicitis due to migration of a titanium dental instrument (reamer) for root canal treatment, and our case may be the first.
The following 4 mechanisms of foreign body appendicitis and appendiceal perforation have been suggested: (1) a foreign body stimulates the appendiceal mucosa, and inflammatory reactions extend from this site, inducing appendicitis. (2) A foreign body is caught, and reactions to it induce lymph follicle hyperplasia, resulting in obstruction of the appendiceal lumen, or the foreign body itself obstructs the appendiceal lumen, inducing appendicitis. (3) A sharp foreign body perforates the appendix without inflammatory reactions in the appendiceal mucosa. (4) A foreign body stimulating the mucosa only slightly is retained without causing symptoms for a long period, resulting in chronic pathological inflammation [6]. The mechanism in our patient may be classified as that mentioned under point 3 above.
When the foreign body has a sharp tip, as in our patient, perforation occurs in 70%, and abscess formation occurs in 31% [7, 8]. Therefore, even when there are no symptoms, appendectomy is appropriate in the presence of protrusion of the foreign body into the intraperitoneal cavity. Finally, detailed history-taking and the appropriate evaluation of examination findings are important.
Statement of Ethics
The authors have no ethical conflicts to disclose.
Disclosure Statement
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclosure.
