The objective of this research was to verify the association between verbal bullying and untreated dental caries. The present cross-sectional study had a representative sample of 1,589 children, aged 8-10 years, from public schools. Information on verbal bullying related to the oral condition was obtained through a questionnaire directed to the students. Clinical data were collected by 4 calibrated examiners (kappa > 0.70) using the DMFT/dmft and PUFA/pufa indexes for caries. Socioeconomic issues were answered by those responsible. The prevalence of verbal bullying related to the oral condition was 27%. The results of the Poisson regression, in an adjusted multiple model, showed a significant association between bullying and untreated caries lesions (prevalence ratio, PR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.07-1.52), PUFA/pufa index (PR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.11-1.61), pulp involvement (PR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.09-1.67), and abscess (PR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.18-2.56). It was concluded that children with untreated dental caries had a higher prevalence of verbal bullying when compared to caries-free or disease-treated children.

1.
Agel M, Marcenes W, Stansfeld SA, Bernabé E: School bullying and traumatic dental injuries in East London adolescents. Br Dent J 2014;26:217-221.
2.
Al-Bitar ZB, Al-Omari IK, Sonbol HN, Al-Ahmad HT, Cunningham SJ: Bullying among Jordanian schoolchildren, its effects on school performance, and the contribution of general physical and dentofacial features. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013;144:872-888.
3.
Al-Omari IK, Al-Bitar ZB, Sonbol HN, Ahmad HT, Cunningham SJ, Al-Omiri M: Impact of bullying due to dentofacial features on oral health-related quality of life. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014;14:734-739.
4.
Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM, Anderson L: Wiley: Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth, ed 4. Copenhagen, Blackwell Munksgaard, 2007.
5.
Ashari A, Mohamed AM: Relationship of the Dental Aesthetic Index to the oral health-related quality of life. Angle Orthod 2016;86:337-342.
6.
Azeredo CM, Levy RB, Araya R, Menezes PR: Individual and contextual factors associated with verbal bullying among Brazilian adolescents. BMC Pediatr 2015;15:49.
7.
Barbosa TS, Gavião MB, Castelo PM, Leme MS: Factors associated with oral health-related quality of life in children and preadolescents: a cross-sectional study. Oral Health Prev Dent 2016;14:137-148.
8.
Cons N, Jenny J, Kohout FJ: DAI: The Dental Aesthetic Index. Iowa City, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, 1986, pp 1-20.
9.
Feldens CA, Ardenghi TM, Dullius AI, Vargas-Ferreira F, Hernandez PAG, Kramer PF: Clarifying the impact of untreated and treated dental caries on oral health-related quality of life among adolescents. Caries Res 2016;50:414-421.
10.
Garcia-Pérez A, Irigoyen-Camacho ME, Borges-Yáñez SA, Zepeda-Zepeda MA, Bolona-Gallardo I, Maupomé G: Impact of caries and dental fluorosis on oral health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study in schoolchildren receiving water naturally fluoridated at above-optimal levels. Clin Oral Investig DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2079-1.
11.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE): Florianópolis: Ensino - Matrículas, Docentes e Rede Escolar - 2015. http://cod.ibge.gov.br/182MD.
12.
Kisely S, Sawyer E, Siskind D, Lalloo R: The oral health of people with anxiety and depressive disorders - a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2016;200:119-132.
13.
Malta DC, do Prado RR, Dias AJ, Mello FC, Silva MA, da Costa MR, Caiaffa WT: Bullying and associated factors among Brazilian adolescents: analysis of the National Adolescent School-Based Health Survey (PeNSE 2012). Rev Bras Epidemiol 2014;17:131-145.
14.
Monse B, Heinrich-Weltzien R, Benzian H, Holmgren C, van Palenstein Helderman W: PUFA - An index of clinical consequences of untreated dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010;38:77-82.
15.
Mota-Veloso I, Soares ME, Alencar BM, Marques LS, Ramos-Jorge ML, Ramos-Jorge J: Impact of untreated dental caries and its clinical consequences on the oral health-related quality of life of schoolchildren aged 8-10 years. Qual Life Res 2016;25:193-199.
16.
Moura DR, Nova Cruz AC, Quevedo LA: Prevalence and characteristics of school age bullying victims. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2011;87:19-23.
17.
Olweus D: Bullying at school: basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1994;35:1171-1190.
18.
Peres MA, Sheiham A, Liu P, Demarco FF, Silva AE, Assunção MC, Menezes AM, Barros FC, Peres KG: Sugar consumption and changes in dental caries from childhood to adolescence. J Dent Res 2016;95:388-394.
19.
Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE), Brazil: PeNSE 2015. Rio de Janeiro, IBGE, 2016. www.biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv97870.pdf.
20.
Santos JA, Cabral-Xavier AF, Paiva SM, Leite-Cavalcanti A: Prevalência e tipos de bullying em escolares Brasileiros de 13 a 17 anos. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) 2014;16:173-183.
21.
Seehra J, Newton JT, Dibiase AT: Bullying in schoolchildren - its relationship to dental appearance and psychosocial implications: an update for GDPs. Br Dent J 2011;210:411-415.
22.
Seehra J, Newton JT, Dibiase AT: Interceptive orthodontic treatment in bullied adolescents and its impact on self-esteem and oral-health-related quality of life. Eur J Orthod 2013;35:615-621.
23.
Sheiham A, James WP: Diet and dental caries: the pivotal role of free sugars reemphasized. J Dent Res 2015;94:1341-1347.
24.
Tippett N, Wolke D: Socioeconomic status and bullying: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 2014;104:48-59.
25.
World Health Organization: Growing up Unequal: Gender and Socioeconomic Differences in Young People's Health and Well-Being: Key Data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) Study: International Report from the 2013/2014 Survey. Copenhagen, WHO, 2016.
26.
World Health Organization (WHO): Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods, ed 5. Geneva, ORH/EPID, 2013.
27.
Zahedi H, Kelishadi R, Heshmat R, Motlagh ME, Ranjbar SH, Ardalan G, Payab M, Chinian M, Asayesh H, Larijani B, Qorbani M: Association between junk food consumption and mental health in a national sample of Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-IV study. Nutrition 2014;30:1391-1397.
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.