Cervids are characterized by their greatest karyotypic diversity among mammals. A great diversity of chromosome numbers in notably similar morphological groups leads to the existence of several complexes of cryptic species and taxonomic uncertainties. Some deer lineages, such as those of Neotropical deer, stand out for a rapid chromosomal reorganization and intraspecific chromosome polymorphisms, which have not been properly explored yet. For that reason, we contribute to the study of deer karyotype diversity and taxonomy by producing and characterizing new molecular cytogenetic markers for the gray brocket deer (Subulo gouazoubira), a deer species that retained the hypothetical ancestral karyotype of Cervidae. We used bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones derived from the cattle genome (Bos taurus) as markers, which were hybridized on S. gouazoubira metaphase chromosomes. In total, we mapped 108 markers, encompassing all gray brocket deer chromosomes, except the Y chromosome. The detailed analysis of fluorescent in situ hybridization results showed 6 fissions and 1 fusion as interchromosomal rearrangements that have separated cattle and gray brocket deer karyotypes. Each group of BAC probes derived from bovine chromosome pairs 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, and 9 showed hybridization signals on 2 different chromosomes, while pairs 28 and 26 are fused in tandem in a single acrocentric chromosome in S. gouazoubira. Furthermore, the BAC markers detected the occurrence of intrachromosomal rearrangements in the S. gouazoubira chromosomes homologous to pair 1 and the X chromosome of cattle. We present a karyotypic map of the 108 new markers, which will be of great importance for future karyotypic evolution studies in cervids and, consequently, help in their conservation and taxonomy resolution.

1.
Abril
VV
,
Duarte
JMB
.
Chromosome polymorphism in the Brazilian dwarf brocket deer, Mazama nana (Mammalia, Cervidae)
.
Genet Mol Biol
.
2008
;
31
(
1
):
53
7
. .
2.
Abril
VV
,
Carnelossi
EA
,
González
S
,
Duarte
JMB
.
Elucidating the evolution of the red brocket deer Mazama americana complex (Artiodactyla; Cervidae)
.
Cytogenet Genome Res
.
2010
;
128
(
1–3
):
177
87
. .
3.
Bernegossi
AM
,
Borges
CHS
,
Sandoval
EDP
,
Cartes
JL
,
Cernohorska
H
,
Kubickova
S
,
Resurrection of the genus Subulo Smith, 1827 for the gray brocket deer, with designation of a neotype
.
J Mammal
.
2022
.
4.
Black-Décima
PA
,
Rossi
RV
,
Voglioti
A
,
Cartes
JL
,
Maffei
L
,
Duarte
JMB
,
Brown Brocket Deer Mazama gouazoubira (Fischer 1814)
. In:
Duarte
JMB
,
González
S
, editors.
Neotropical Cervidology: Biology and Medicine of Latin American Deer
.
Jaboticabal, Gland
:
IUCN/FUNEP
;
2010
. p.
190
201
.
5.
Cernohorska
H
,
Kubickova
S
,
Vahala
J
,
Rubes
J
.
Molecular insights into X;BTA5 chromosome rearrangements in the tribe Antilopini (Bovidae)
.
Cytogenet Genome Res
.
2012
;
136
(
3
):
188
98
. .
6.
Chi
JX
,
Huang
L
,
Nie
W
,
Wang
J
,
Su
B
,
Yang
F
.
Defining the orientation of the tandem fusions that occurred during the evolution of Indian muntjac chromosomes by BAC mapping
.
Chromosoma
.
2005
;
114
(
3
):
167
72
. .
7.
Cifuentes-Rincón
A
,
Morales-Donoso
JA
,
Sandoval
EDP
,
Tomazella
IM
,
Mantellatto
AMB
,
de Thoisy
B
,
Designation of a neotype for Mazama americana (Artiodactyla, Cervidae) reveals a cryptic new complex of brocket deer species
.
ZooKeys
.
2020
;
958
:
143
64
. .
8.
Cursino
MS
,
Salviano
MB
,
Abril
VV
,
Zanetti
E
,
Duarte
JMB
.
The role of chromosome variation in the speciation of the red brocket deer complex: the study of reproductive isolation in females
.
BMC Evol Biol
.
2014
;
14
(
1
):
40
. .
9.
Dementyeva
PV
,
Trifonov
VA
,
Kulemzina
A
,
Graphodatsky
A
.
Reconstruction of the putative Cervidae ancestral karyotype by chromosome painting of Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) with dromedary probes
.
Cytogenet Genome Res
.
2010
;
128
(
4
):
228
35
. .
10.
Duarte
JMB
,
Jorge
W
.
Morphologic and cytogenetic description of the small red brocket (Mazama bororo Duarte, 1996) in Brazil
.
Mammalia
.
2003
;
67
(
3
):
403
10
. .
11.
Duarte
JMB
,
González
S
,
Maldonado
JE
.
The surprising evolutionary history of South American deer
.
Mol Phylogenet Evol
.
2008
;
49
(
1
):
17
22
.
12.
Duarte JMB
,
Boer JA
,
Sandoval EDP
,
Bernegossi AMB
,
Tomazella IM
.
Skin Freezing Technique for Living Cell Bank
.
GEN protocols
.
2021
. https://genprotocols.genengnews.com/protocols/skin-freezing-technique-for-living-cell-bank/1041
13.
Fiorillo
BF
,
Sarria-Perea
JA
,
Abril
VV
,
Duarte
JMB
,
Duarte
JM
.
Cytogenetic description of the Amazonian brown brocket Mazama nemorivaga (Artiodactyla, Cervidae)
.
Comp Cytogenet
.
2013
;
7
(
1
):
25
31
. .
14.
Fontana
F
,
Rubini
M
.
Chromosomal evolution in Cervidae
.
BioSystems
.
1990
;
24
(
2
):
157
74
. .
15.
Frohlich
J
,
Kubickova
S
,
Musilova
P
,
Cernohorska
H
,
Muskova
H
,
Vodicka
R
,
Karyotype relationships among selected deer species and cattle revealed by cattle FISH probes
.
PLoS One
.
2017
;
12
(
11
):
e0187559
.
16.
Galindo
DJ
,
Martins
GS
,
Vozdova
M
,
Cernohorska
H
,
Kubickova
S
,
Bernegossi
AM
,
Chromosomal polymorphism and speciation: the case of the genus Mazama (Cetartiodactyla; Cervidae)
.
Genes
.
2021
;
12
(
2
):
165
. .
17.
González
S
,
Duarte
JMB
.
Speciation, evolutionary history and conservation trends of Neotropical deer
.
Mastozool Neotrop
.
2020
;
27
:
37
47
.
18.
Huang
L
,
Wang
J
,
Nie
W
,
Su
W
,
Yang
F
.
Tandem chromosome fusions in karyotypic evolution of Muntiacus: evidence from M. feae and M. gongshanensis
.
Chromosome Res
.
2006
;
14
(
6
):
637
47
. .
19.
Mudd
AB
,
Bredeson
JV
,
Baum
R
,
Hockemeyer
D
,
Rokhsar
DS
.
Analysis of muntjac deer genome and chromatin architecture reveals rapid karyotype evolution
.
Commun Biol
.
2020
;
3
(
1
):
480
. .
20.
Neitzel
H
.
Chromosome evolution of Cervidae: karyotypic and molecular aspects
. In:
Obe G
,
Basler A
, editors.
Cytogenetics, Basic and Applied Aspects
.
Berlin
:
Springer Verlag
;
1987
. p.
90
112
.
21.
Peres
PHF
,
Luduvério
DJ
,
Bernegossi
AM
,
Galindo
DJ
,
Nascimento
GB
,
Oliveira
ML
,
Revalidation of Mazama rufa (Illiger 1815) (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) as a distinct species out of the complex Mazama americana (Erxleben 1777)
.
Front Genet
.
2021
;
12
:
742870
.
22.
Proskuryakova
AA
,
Kulemzina
AI
,
Perelman
P
,
Makunin
AI
,
Larkin
DM
,
Farré
M
,
X chromosome evolution in Cetartiodactyla
.
Genes
.
2017
;
8
(
9
):
216
. .
23.
Romanenko
SA
,
Serdyukova
NA
,
Perelman
PL
,
Pavlova
SV
,
Bulatova
NS
,
Golenishchev
FN
,
Intrachromosomal rearrangements in rodents from the perspective of comparative region-specific painting
.
Genes
.
2017
;
8
(
9
):
215
. .
24.
Salviano
MB
,
Cursino
MS
,
Zanetti
Ed S
,
Abril
VV
,
Duarte
JMB
.
Intraspecific chromosome polymorphisms can lead to reproductive isolation and speciation: an example in red brocket deer (Mazama americana)
.
Biol Reprod
.
2017
;
96
:
1279
87
.
25.
Valeri
MP
,
Tomazella
IM
,
Duarte
JMB
.
Intrapopulation chromosomal polymorphism in Mazama gouazoubira (Cetartiodactyla; Cervidae): the emergence of a new species?
Cytogenet Genome Res
.
2018
;
154
(
3
):
147
52
. .
26.
Verma
RS
,
Babu
A
.
Human Chromosomes: Principles and Techniques
.
New York
:
McGraw-Hill Inc.
;
1995
.
27.
Vozdova
M
,
Kubickova
S
,
Cernohorska
H
,
Fröhlich
J
,
Vodicka
R
,
Rubes
J
.
Comparative study of the bush dog (Speothos venaticus) karyotype and analysis of satellite DNA sequences and their chromosome distribution in six species of Canidae
.
Cytogenet Genome Res
.
2019
;
159
(
2
):
88
96
. .
28.
Vozdova
M
,
Kubickova
S
,
Cernohorska
H
,
Fröhlich
J
,
Rubes
J
.
Anchoring the CerEla1.0 Genome Assembly to Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) and Cattle (Bos taurus) Chromosomes and Specification of Evolutionary Chromosome Rearrangements in Cervidae
.
Animals
.
2021
;
11
(
9
):
2614
. .
29.
Yang
F
,
Carter
NP
,
Shi
L
,
Ferguson-Smith
MA
.
A comparative study of karyotypes of muntjacs by chromosome painting
.
Chromosoma
.
1995
;
103
(
9
):
642
52
. .
30.
Yang
F
,
O’Brien
PCM
,
Wienberg
J
,
Neitzel
H
,
Lin
CC
,
Ferguson Smith
MA
.
Chromosomal evolution of the Chinese muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi)
.
Chromosoma
.
1997a
;
106
(
1
):
37
43
.
31.
Yang
F
,
O’Brien
PCM
,
Wienberg
J
,
Ferguson-Smith
MA
.
A reappraisal of the tandem fusion theory of karyotype evolution in Indian muntjac using chromosome painting
.
Chromosome Res
.
1997b
;
5
(
2
):
109
17
.
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.