Abstract
Though reported from a wide variety of human neoplasias, ring chromosomes, in general, are a rare finding in these diseases. The majority were detected by chance when tumors were screened for chromosomal aberrations. In most cases they are a part of highly complex karyotypic alterations and therefore part of unfavourable prognostic factors. However, in some tumor entities (e.g. tumors of mesenchymal origin) they are of such high prevalence (up to 70% of these tumors) and of such extraordinary specificity that they can even serve as cytogenetic hallmarks for differential diagnosis and for prognostic purposes. The well-known technical problems in malignant cells of achieving high banding quality to define all single chromosomal alterations have severely hampered clear identification of the chromosomes involved in rings until recently. Substantial progress of ring identification could only be achieved when molecular cytogenetic techniques became available. By these techniques it could not only be shown that certain breakpoint regions nonrandomly contribute to ring rearrangements which – at least in certain malignancies – are of basic importance, but also the molecular consequences of these changes could be defined in some cases. The present review summarizes a great number of reports on a total of 760 ring chromosomes in human neoplasias at different sites, but includes only cases with clearly identified rings. In addition, the molecular consequences of ring formation are addressed wherever pertinent information has recently been presented in the literature.
References
1.
Abdi SIA, Saleem M, Ahmad M: Chromosomal pattern in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Pakistan Med Ass 40:9–11 (1990).
2.
Adeyinka A, Kytölä S, Mertens F, Pandis N, Larsson C: Spectral karyotyping and chromosome banding studies of primary breast carcinomas and their lymph node metastases. Int J Mol Med 5:235–240 (2000).
3.
Alimena G, Annino L, Dallapiccola B, Ricci N: Ring chromosomes and leukemia. Experientia 31:1359–1360 (1975).
4.
Alimov A, Sundelin B, Bergerheim U, Pavlenko M, Pisa P, et al: Molecular cytogenetic characterization shows higher genetic heterogeneity in conventional renal cell carcinoma compared to other kidney cancers. Int J Oncol 25:955–960 (2004).
5.
Amiel A, Lishner M, Lalkin A, Gaber E, Manor Y, et al: Detection of bcl rearrangements in B-CLL by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 73:165–168 (1994).
6.
Andersen LB, Tommerup N, Koch J: Formation of a mini-chromosome by excision of the proximal region of 17q in a patient with von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis. Cytogenet Cell Genet 53:206–210 (1990).
7.
Andreasson P, Johansson B, Billström R, Garwicz S, Mitelman F, Höglund M: Fluorescence in situ hybridisation analyses of hematologic malignancies reveal frequent cytogenetically unrecognised 12p rearrangements. Leukemia 12:390–400 (1998).
8.
Andreasson P, Höglund M, Bekassy AN, Garwicz S, Heldrup J, et al: Cytogenetic and FISH studies of a single center consecutive series of 152 childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemias. Eur J Haematol 65:40–51 (2000).
9.
Arcaroli JJ, Dave BJ, Pickering DL, Hess MM, Armitage JO, et al: Is a duplication of 14q32 a new recurrent chromosomeal aberration in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma? Cancer Genet Cytogenet 113:19–24 (1999).
10.
Archimbaud E, Charrin C, Magaud JP, Campos L, Thomas X, et al: Clinical and biological characteristics of adult de novo and secondary acute myeloid leukemia with balanced 11q23 chromosomal anomaly or MLL gene rearrangement compared to cases with unbalanced 11q23 anomaly: confirmation of the existence of different entities. Leukemia 12:25–33 (1998).
11.
Arinami T, Kondo I, Hamaguchi H, Nakajima S: Multifocal meningiomas in a patient with a constitutional ring chromosome 22. J Med Genet 23:178–180 (1986).
12.
Arthur DC, Bloomfield CD: Banded chromosome analysis in patients with treatment-associated acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 12:189–199 (1984).
13.
Aspberg F, Mertens F, Bauer HCF, Lindholm J, Mitelman F, Mandahl N: Near-haploidy in two malignant fibrous histiocytomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 79:119–122 (1995).
14.
Atkin NB, Baker MC: A metastatic malignant melanoma with 24 chromosomes. Hum Genet 58:217–219 (1981).
15.
Avet-Loiseau H, Godon C, Li JY, Daviet A, Mellerin MP, et al: Amplification of the 11q23 region in acute myeloid leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 26:166–170 (1999).
16.
Bakotic BW, Poniecka AW, Dominguez CJ, Benigno A, Donahue RP, Cabello-Inchausti B: Myelodysplastic syndrome with atypical eosinophilia in association with ring chromosome 7. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 115:19–22 (1999).
17.
Barber KE, Martineau M, Harewood L, Stewart M, Cameron E, et al: Amplification of the ABL gene in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leukemia 18:1153–1156 (2004).
18.
Bardi G, Pandis N, Mandahl N, Heim S, Sfikas K, et al: Chromosomal abnormalities in giant cell tumors of bone. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 57:161–167 (1991).
19.
Bardi G, Johansson B, Pandis N, Mandahl N, Bak-Jensen E, et al: Cytogenetic analysis of 52 colorectal carcinomas – non-random aberration pattern and correlation with pathologic parameters. Int J Cancer 55:422–428 (1993).
20.
Bardi G, Parada LA, Bomme L, Pandis N, Willen R, et al: Cytogenetic comparisons of synchronous carcinomas and polyps in patients with colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 76: 765–769 (1997).
21.
Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn-Khosrovani S, Erpelinck C, van Putten WL, Valk VJM, van der Poel-van de Luytgaarde S, et al: High EVI1 expression predicts poor survival in acute myeloid leukaemia: a study of 319 de novo AML patients. Blood 101:837–845 (2003).
22.
Becher R, Wake N, Gibas Z, Ochi H, Sandberg AA: Chromosome changes in soft tissue sarcomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 72:823–831 (1984).
23.
Belge G, Roque L, Soares J, Bruckmann S, Thode B, et al: Cytogenetic investigations of 340 thyroid hyperplasias and adenomas revealing correlation between cytogenetic findings and histology. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 101:42–48 (1998).
24.
Bello MJ, de Campos JM, Kusak ME, Vaquero J, Sarasa JL, et al: Clonal chromosome aberrations in neurinomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 6:206–211 (1993).
25.
Berger R, Busson M: Ring chromosome 8 and translocation t(8;21) in a patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Ann Genet 45:161–163 (2002).
26.
Bernardino J, Apiou F, Gerbault-Seureau M, Malfoy B, Dutrillaux B: Characterization of recurrent homogenously staining regions in 72 breast carcinomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 23:100–108 (1998).
27.
Bertrand S, Berger R, Cheix F: Use of G banding technique in the cytogenetic study of metastatic breast cancer effusion. A case report. Eur J Cancer 15:737–743 (1979).
28.
Bhattacharjee MB, Armstrong DD, Vogel H, Cooley LD: Cytogenetic analysis of 120 primary pediatric brain tumors and literature review. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 97:39–53 (1997).
29.
Bianchini L, Maire G, Pedetour F (Groupe Francophone de Cytogeneticque Oncologique): From cytogenetics to cytogenomics of dermatofibrosarcoma proterans family of tumors. Bull Cancer 94:179–189 (2007).
30.
Biegel JA, Parmiter AH, Sutton LN, Rorke LB, Emanuel BS: Abnormalities of chromosome 22 in pediatric meningiomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 9:81–87 (1994).
31.
Bigner SH, Mark J, Burger PC, Mahaley MS, Bullard DE, et al: Specific chromosomal abnormalities in malignant human gliomas. Cancer Res 48:405–411 (1988).
32.
Bobrow M, Emerson PM, Spriggs AI, Ellis HL: Ring-1 chromosome, microcephalic dwarfism, and acute myeloid leukemia. Am J Dis Child 126:257–260 (1973).
33.
Bomme L, Bardi G, Pandis N, Fenger C, Kronberg O, Heim S: Clonal karyotypic abnormalities in colorectal adenomas: clues to early genetic events in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 10:190–196 (1994).
34.
Bomme L, Bardi G, Pandis N, Fenger C, Kronberg O, Heim S: Chromosome abnormalities in colorectal adenomas: two cytogenetic subgroups characterized by deletion of 1p and numerical aberrations. Hum Pathol 27:1192–1197 (1996).
35.
Bosga-Bower AG, van Imhoff GW, Boonstra R, van der Veen A, Haralambieva E, et al: Follicular lymphoma grade 3B includes cytogenetically defined subgroups with primary t(14;18), 3q27, or other translocations: t(14;18) and 3q27 are mutually exclusive. Blood 101:1149–1154 (2003).
36.
Bower M, Parry P, Gibbons B, Amess J, Lister TA, et al: Human trithorax gene rearrangements in therapy-related acute leukaemia after etoposide treatment. Leukemia 8:226–229 (1994).
37.
Bown NP, Reid MM, Malcolm AJ, Davison EV, Craft AW, Pearson ADJ: Cytogenetic abnormalities of small round cell tumours. Med Pediatr Oncol 23:124–129 (1994).
38.
Bown N, Cotterill SJ, Roberts P, Griffiths M, Larkins S, et al: Cytogenetic abnormalities and clinical outcome in Wilms tumor: A study by the UK Cancer Cytogenetics Group and the UK Children’s Cancer Study Group. Med Pediatr Oncol 38:11–21 (2002).
39.
Brandwein JM, Horsman DE, Eaves AC, Eaves CJ, Massing BG, et al: Childhood myelodysplasia suggested classification as myelodysplastic syndromes based on laboratory and clinical findings. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 12:63–70 (1990).
40.
Bridge JA, Neff JR, Sandberg AA: Cytogenetic analysis of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 49:199–202 (1990).
41.
Bridge JA, Neff JR, Mouron BJ: Giant cell tumor of bone. Chromosomal analysis of 48 specimens and review of the literature. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 58:2–13 (1992).
42.
Bridge JA, Nelson M, Mc Comb E, Mc Guire MH, Rosenthal H, et al: Cytogenetic findings in 73 osteosarcoma specimens and a review of the literature. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 95:74–87 (1997).
43.
Brink AATP, Wiegant JCAG, Szuhai K, Tanke HJ, Kenter GG, et al: Simultaneous mapping of human papillomavirus integration sites and molecular karyotyping in short-term cultures of cervical carcinomas by using 49-color combined binary ratio labelling fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 134:145–150 (2002).
44.
Buddingh EP, Krallman P, Neff JR, Nelson M, Liu J, Bridge JA: Chromosome 6 abnormalities are recurrent in synovial chondromatosis. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 140:18–22 (2003).
45.
Cabanillas F, Pathak S, Trujillo J, Manning J, Katz R, et al: Frequent nonrandom chromosome abnormalities in 27 patients with untreated large cell lymphoma and immunoblastic lymphoma. Cancer Res 48:5557–5564 (1988).
46.
Cabrol C, Werner-Favre C, Wyss M, Pitmon D, Engel E: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in two children with a congenital chromosome anomaly: familial inv(11)(p15q13) in one and ring chromosome 21 in the other. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 8:67–74 (1983).
47.
Calabrese G, Di Bartolomeo P, Stuppia L, Franchi PG, Parruti G, et al: Cytogenetics in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia treated with bone marrow transplantation. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 41:49–59 (1989).
48.
Calasanz MJ, Gigudosa JC, Odero MD, Ferreira C, Ardanaz MT, et al: Cytogenetic analysis of 280 patients with multiple myeloma and related disorders: Primary breakpoints and clinical correlations. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 18:84–93 (1997).
49.
Carbonell F, Benitez J, Prieto F, Badia L, Sanchez-Fayos J: Chromosome banding patterns in patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 7:287–297 (1982).
50.
Carter NP, Ferguson-Smith MA, Perryman MT, Telenius H, Pelmear AH, et al: Reverse chromosome painting: a method for rapid analysis of aberrant chromosomes in clinical cytogenetics. J Med Genet 29:299–307 (1992).
51.
Charrin C, Belhabri A, Treille-Ritouet D, Theuil G, Magaud JP, et al: Structural rearrangements of chromosome 3 in 57 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia: clinical, haematological and cytogenetic features. Hematol J 3:21–31 (2002).
52.
Chauveinc L, Dutrillaux AM, Validire P, Padoy E, Sabatier L, et al: Cytogenetic study of eight new cases of radiation-induced tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 114:1–8 (1999).
53.
Chen TR, Shaw MW: Stable chromosome changes in human malignant melanoma. Cancer Res 33:2042–2047 (1973).
54.
Chen Z, Berger CS, Morgan R, Roth D, Stone JF, Sandberg AA: Cytogenetic and FISH studies of abnormal X chromosomes in a patient with ANLL. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 62:130–133 (1992).
55.
Chen Z, Coffin CM, Scott S, Meloni-Ehrig A, Shepard R, et al: Evidence by spectral karyotyping that 8q11.2 is nonrandomly involved in lipoblastoma. J Mol Diagn 2:73–77 (2000).
56.
Chervinsky DS, Grossi M, Kakati S, Block AW, Aplan PD: Concurrent presence of inv(14) (q11q32) and t(4;11)(q21;q23) in pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 12:229–236 (1995).
57.
Chessels JM, Harrison CJ, Kempski H, Webb DKH, Wheatley K, et al: Clinical features, cytogenetics and outcome in acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemia of infancy: report from the MRC Childhood Leukemia working party. Leukemia 16:776–784 (2002).
58.
Chio CC, Lin SJ, Yang SH, Cheng YC: Cytogenetic study of twenty-two intracranial tumors. J Formos Med Assoc 90:504–508 (1991).
59.
Chudoba I, Senger G: Microdissection of chromosomes and reverse FISH, in Rautenstrauβ BW, Liehr T (eds): FISH Technology, pp 388–407 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 2002).
60.
Cigudosa JC, Odero MD, Calasanz MJ, Solé F, Salido M, et al: De novo erythroleukemia chromosome features include multiple rearrangements, with special involvement of chromosomes 11 and 19. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 36:406–412 (2003).
61.
Conjalka MS, Cuttner J, Wisniewski L, Goldberg JD, Reisman A, et al: Pretreatment marrow cytogenetic status: a predictor of response to remission induction therapy in acute myelogenous leukemia. Mt Sinai J Med 50:201–207 (1983).
62.
Cooper CS, Stratton MR: Soft tissue tumours: the genetic basis of development. Carcinogenesis 12:155–165 (1991).
63.
Couturier J, Vielh P, Salmon RJ, Lombard M, Dutrillaux B: Chromosome imbalance in endometrial adenocarcinoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 33:67–76 (1988).
64.
Cowan JM, Halaban R, Francke U: Cytogenetic analysis of melanocytes from premalignant nevi and melanomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 80:1159–1164 (1988).
65.
Cuneo A, Demuynck H, Ferrant A, Louwagie A, Doyen C, et al: Minor myeloid component in Ph chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: correlation with cytogenetic pattern and implication for poor response to therapy. Brit J Haematol 87:515–522 (1994).
66.
Cuneo A, Ferrant A, Michaux JL, Boogaerts M, Demuynck H, et al: Cytogenetic profile of minimally differentiated (FAB M0) acute myeloid leukemia: Correlation with clinicobiologic findings. Blood 85:3688–3694 (1995).
67.
Da Silva MAP, Heerema NA, Lowe LR, Tricot G, Jansen J: Cytogenetic patterns following bone marrow transplantation for chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 36:35–44 (1988).
68.
Dahlen A, Debiec-Rychter M, Pedeutour F, Domanski HA, Höglund M, et al: Clustering of deletions on chromosome 13 in benign and low-malignant lipomatous tumors. Int J Cancer 103:616–623 (2003).
69.
Dal Cin P, Kools P. Sciot R, De Wever I, Van Damme B, Van de Ven W, Van den Berghe H: Cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization investigation of ring chromosomes characterizing a specific pathologic subgroup of adipose tissue tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 68:85–90 (1993a).
70.
Dal Cin P, De Wolf-Peters C, Aly MS, Deneffe G, van Mieghem W, van den Berghe H: Ring chromosome 6 as the only change in a thymoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 6:243–244 (1993b).
71.
Dascalescu CM, Peoc’h M, Callanan M, Jacob MC, Sotto MF, et al: Deletion 7q in B-cell low grade lymphoid malignancies: A cytogenetic/fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunopathologic study. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 109:21–28 (1999).
72.
Dastugue N, Lafage-Pochitaloff M, Pagès MP, Radford I, Bastard C: Cytogenetic profile of childhood and adult megakaryoblastic leukemia (M7): a study of the Groupe Francais de Cytogenetique Hematologique (GFCH). Blood 100:618–626 (2002).
73.
Dave BJ, Hess MM, Pickering DL, Zaleski DH, Pfeifer AL, et al: Rearrangements of chromosome band 1p36 in Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 5:1401–1409 (1999).
74.
Dave BJ, Nelson M, Pickering DL, Chan WC, Greiner TC, et al: Cytogenetic characterization of diffuse large cell lymphoma using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 132:125–132 (2002).
75.
Dave BJ, Weisenburger DD, Higgins CM, Pickering DL, Hess MM, et al: Cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization studies of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in children and young adults. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 153:115–121 (2004).
76.
Davison EV, Pearson ADJ, Emslie J, Reid MM, Malcolm A, Craft AW: Chromosome 22 abnormalities in Ewing’s sarcoma. J Clin Pathol 42:797–799 (1989).
77.
De Oliveira JS, Sale GE, Bryant EM, Sanders J, Buckner CD: Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in children: treatment with bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 10:399–403 (1992).
78.
Debiec-Rychter M, Biernat W, Limon L, Kordek R, Izycka E, et al: Cytogenetic and proliferative potentials in meningiomas. Pol J Pathol 50:243–248 (1999).
79.
Decker HJ, Cannizzaro LA, Mendez MJ, Leong SP, Bixenman H, et al: Chromosomes 17 and 22 involved in marker formation in neurofibrosarcoma in von Recklinghausen disease. A cytogenetic and in situ hybridization study. Hum Genet 85:337–342 (1990).
80.
Deger RB, Faruqi SAS, Noumoff JS: Karyotypic analysis of 32 malignant epithelial ovarian tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 96:166–173 (1997).
81.
Delozier-Blanchet CD, Masouye I, Vollenweider S: Ring chromosome 7, hyperpigmented skin lesions and malignant melanoma. Am J Med Genet 43:1039–1040 (1992).
82.
Dewald GW, Davis MP, Pierre RV, O’Fallon JR, Hoagland HC: Clinical characteristics and prognosis of 50 patients with a myeloproliferative syndrome and deletion of part of the long arm of chromosome 5. Blood 66:189–197 (1985).
83.
Dierlamm J, Pittaluga S, Wlodarska I, Stul M, Thomas J, et al: Marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of different sites share similar cytogenetic and morphologic features. Blood 87:299–307 (1996).
84.
Dietrich CU, Pandis N, Teixeira MR, Bardi G, Gerdes AM, et al: Chromosome abnormalities in benign hyperproliferative disorders of epithelial and stromal breast tissue. Int J Cancer 60:49–53 (1995).
85.
Dietrich CU, Pandis N, Rizou H, Petersson C, Bardi G, et al: Cytogenetic findings in phyllodes tumors of the breast: karyotypic complexity differentiates between malignant and benign tumors. Hum Pathol 28:1379–1382 (1997).
86.
Doco-Fenzy M, Cornillet P, Scherpereel B, Depernet B, Bisiau-Leconte S, et al: Cytogenetic changes in 67 cranial and spinal meningiomas: relation to histopathological and clinical pattern. Anticancer Res 13:845–850 (1993).
87.
Dolan M, McGlennen RC, Hirsch B: MLL amplification in myeloid malignancies: clinical, molecular, and cytogenetic findings. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 134:93–101 (2002).
88.
Duell T, Poleck-Dehlin B, Schmid C, Wunderlich B, Ledderose G, et al: Clonal karyotype evolution involving ring chromosome 1 with myelodysplastic syndrome subtype RAEB-t progressing into acute leukaemia. Acta Haematol 116:131–136 (2006).
89.
Duncan AMV, Partington MW, Soudek D: Neurofibromatosis in a man with a ring 22: in situ hybridization studies. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 25:169–174 (1987).
90.
Edelhäuser M, Raber W, Mitterbauer G, Mannhalter C, Lechner K, Fonatsch C: Variant intra Philadelphia translocation with rearrangement of BCR-ABL and ABL-BCR within the same chromosome in a patient with cALL. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 122:83–86 (2000).
91.
Ehrlich M, Hopkins NE, Jiang G, Dome JS, Yu MC, et al: Satellite DNA hypomethylation in karyotyped Wilms tumor. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 141:97–105 (2003).
92.
Elghezal H, Le Gyader G, Radford-Weiss I, Perot C, Van den Akker J, et al: Reassessment of childhood B-lineage lymphoblastic leukemia karyotypes using spectral analysis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 30:383–392 (2001).
93.
El-Rifai W, Elonen E, Larramendy M, Ruutu T, Knuutila S: Chromosomal breakpoints and changes in DNA copy number in refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 11:958–963 (1997).
94.
Emilia G, Temperani P, Ferrari S, Zucchini P, Tagliafico E, et al: Cytogenetic and molecular studies in primary myelofibrosis. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 38:101–113 (1989).
95.
Engel H, Goodacre A, Keyhani A, Jiang S, Van NT, et al: Minimal residual disease in acute myelogenous leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndromes: a follow-up of patients in clinical remission. Br J Haematol 99:64–75 (1997).
96.
Fadl-Elmula I, Kytölä S, Pan Y, Lui WO, Derienzo G, et al: Characterization of chromosomal abnormalities in uroepithelial carcinoma by G-banding, spectral karyotyping and FISH analysis. Int J Cancer 92:824–831 (2001).
97.
Falchi AM, Orofino MG, Nucaro AL, De Virgiliis S, Cao A: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a child with constitutional ring chromosome 21. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 27:219–224 (1987).
98.
Falzetti D, Vermeesch JR, Matteucci C, Ciolli S, Martelli MF, et al: Microdissection and FISH investigations in acute myeloid leukemia: A step forward to full identification of complex karyotypic changes. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 118:28–34 (2000).
99.
Fan SX, Sreekantaiah C, Berger CS, Medchill M, Pedron S, Sandberg AA: Cytogenetic findings in nine leiomyomas of the uterus. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 47:179–189 (1990).
100.
Fan YS, Rizkalla K: Comprehensive cytogenetic analysis including multicolor spectral karyotyping and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization in lymphoma diagnosis: a summary of 154 cases. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 143:73–79 (2003).
101.
Ferti AD, Panani AD, Stamouli MI, Rondogianni DP, Raptis SA, Young BD: M-FISH in gastric lymphoma: Cancer Genet Cytogenet 155:63–66 (2004).
102.
Feuerstein BG, Hirose Y, Pellarin M, Magrane G: Comparative genomic hybridization, in Rautenstrauβ BW, Liehr T (eds): FISH Technology, pp 197–207 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 2002).
103.
Fischer K, Fröhling S, Scherer SW, McAllister Brown J, Scholl C, et al: Molecular cytogenetic delineation of deletions and translocations involving chromosome band 7q22 in myeloid leukemias. Blood 89:2036–2041 (1997).
104.
Fitzgerald PH, Morris CM, Fraser GL, Giles LM, Hamer JW, et al: Nonrandom cytogenetic changes in New Zealand patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 8:51–66 (1983).
105.
Flagiello D, Gerbault-Seureau M, Sastre-Garau X, Padoy E, Vielh P, Dutrillaux B: Highly recurrent der (1:16)(q10;p10) and other 16q arm alterations in lobular breast cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 23:300–306 (1998).
106.
Fleischman EW, Prigogina EL: Karyotype peculiarities of malignant lymphomas. Hum Genet 35:269–279 (1977).
107.
Fletcher CD, Akerman M, Dal Cin P, De Wever I, Mandahl N, et al: Correlation between clinicopathological features and karyotype in lipomatous tumors. A report of 178 cases from the Chromosomes and Morphology (CHAMP) collaborative study group. Am J Pathol 148:623–630 (1996).
108.
Fletcher JA, Pinkus GS, Weidner N, Morton CC: Lineage-restricted clonality in biphasic solid tumors. Am J Pathol 138:1199–1207 (1991).
109.
Fletcher JA, Gebhardt MC, Kozakewich HP: Cytogenetic aberrations in osteosarcomas. Nonrandom deletions, rings, and double-minute chromosomes. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 77:81–88 (1994).
110.
Fonatsch C, Nowotny H, Pittermann-Hocker E, Streubel B, Jäger U, et al: Amplification of ribosomal RNA genes in acute myeloid leukaemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 32:11–17 (2001).
111.
Forrest DL, Nevill TJ, Horsman DE, Brockington DA, Fung HC, et al: Bone marrow transplantation for adults with acute leukaemia and 11q23 chromosomal abnormalities. Br J Haematol 103:630–638 (1998).
112.
Fourth International Workshop on Chromosomes in Leukemia 1982: Constitutional abnormalities in patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 11:282–283 (1984).
113.
Frenny VJ, Antonella Z, Luisa A, Shah AD, Rocchi M: Cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization in detection of hematological malignancies. Indian J Cancer 40:135–139 (2003).
114.
Fugazza G, Bruzzone R, Sessarego M: Loss of telomeric sequences in a ring derived from chromosome 8 in refractory anemia with excess of blasts in transformation. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 89:31–33 (1996).
115.
Garson OM: Acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia. Clin Haematol 9:39–54 (1980).
116.
Gebhart E, Brüderlein S, Augustus M, Siebert E, Feldner J, Schmidt W: Cytogenetic studies on human breast carcinomas. Breast Cancer Res Treat 8:125–138 (1986).
117.
Gebhart E, Trautmann U, Reichardt S, Liehr T: Use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for the estimation of the aberrant cell clone in leukemias with trisomy 8 or monosomy 7 detected by karyotyping. Int J Oncol 3:191–195 (1993).
118.
Geddes AD, Bowen DT, Jacobs A: Clonal karyotype abnormalities and clinical progress in the myelodysplastic syndrome. Br J Haematol 76:194–202 (1990).
119.
Geraedts JPM, Weber RFA, Kerkhofs H, Leekdma CHW: The preleukemic syndrome. II Cytogenetic findings. Acta Med Scand 207:447–454 (1980).
120.
Gerbault-Seureau M, Vielh P, Zafrani B, Salmon R, Dutrillaux B: Cytogenetic study of twelve human near-diploid breast cancers with chromosomal changes. Ann Genet 30:138–145 (1987).
121.
Geurts van Kessel A, Simons A, Comtesse PP, Siepman A, Janssen I, et al: Ring chromosomes in a malignant mesenchymoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 109:119–122 (1999).
122.
GFCH: Chromosome analysis of 63 cases of secondary nonlymphoid blood disorders: a cooperative study. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 12:95–104 (1984).
123.
GFCH: Cytogenetics of acutely transformed chronic myeloproliferative syndromes without a Philadelphia chromosome. A multicenter study of 55 patients. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 32:157–168 (1988).
124.
GFCH: Acute myelogenous leukemia with an 8;21 translocation: A report on 148 cases from the Groupe Francais de Cytogenetique Hematologique. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 44:169–179 (1990).
125.
GFCH: Collaborative study of karyotypes in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemias. Leukemia 7:10–19 (1993).
126.
GFCH: Cytogenetic analysis in patients with primary myelodysplastic syndromes in leukaemic transformation. Hematol Cell Ther 38:177–181 (1996).
127.
Gibas Z, Li FP, Antman KH, Bernal S, Stahel R, Sandberg AA: Chromosome changes in malignant mesothelioma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 20:191–201 (1986).
128.
Gibbons B, Lillington DM, Monard S, Young BD, Cheung KL, et al: Fluorescence in situ hybridization studies characterise complete and partial monosomy 7 in myeloid disorders. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 10:244–249 (1994).
129.
Gisselsson D, Höglund M, Mertens F, Mitelman F, Mandahl N: Chromosomal organization of amplified chromosome 12 seqences in mesenchymal tumors detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 23:203–212 (1998a).
130.
Gisselsson D, Höglund M, O’Brien KP, Dumanski JP, Mertens F, Mandahl N: A case of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans with a ring chromosome 5 and a rearranged chromosome 22 containing amplified COL1A1 and PDGFB sequences. Cancer Lett 133:129–134 (1998b).
131.
Gisselsson D, Höglund M, Mertens F, Johannson B, Dal Cin P, et al: The structure and dynamics of ring chromosomes in human neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells. Hum Genet 104:315–325 (1999).
132.
Gisselsson D, Palsson E, Höglund M, Domanski H, Mertens F, et al: Differentially amplified chromosome 12 sequences in low- and high-grade osteosarcoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 33:133–140 (2002).
133.
Gollin SM, Janecka IP: Cytogenetics of cranial base tumors. J Neurooncol 20:241–254 (1994).
134.
Gonzalez MB, Gutierrez NC, Garcia JL, Schoenmakers EFPM, Sole F, et al: Heterogeneity of structural abnormalities in the 7q31.3–q34 region in myeloid malignancies. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 150:136–143 (2004).
135.
Gorunova L, Mertens F, Mandahl N, Jonsson N, Persson B, et al: Cytogenetic heterogeneity in a clear cell hidradenoma of the skin. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 77:26–32 (1994).
136.
Gorunova L, Höglund M, Andren-Sandberg A, Dawiskiba S, Jin Y, et al: Cytogenetic analysis of pancreatic carcinomas: Intratumor heterogeneity and nonrandom pattern of chromosome aberrations. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 23:81–99 (1998).
137.
Goyns MH, Hammond DW, Harrison CJ, Menasce LP, Ross FM, Hancock BW: Structural abnormalities of the X chromosome in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Leukemia 7:848–852 (1993).
138.
Gregori-Romero MA, Morell-Quadreny L, Llombart-Bosch A: Cytogenetic analysis of three primary Bellini duct carcinomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 15:170–172 (1996).
139.
Griffin CA, Hruban RH, Long PP, Miller N, Volz P, et al: Chromosome abnormalities in meningeal neoplasms: do they correlate with histology? Cancer Genet Cytogenet 78:46–52 (1994).
140.
Griffin CA, Hruban RH, Morsberger LA, Ellingham T, Long PP, et al: Consistent chromosome abnormalities in adenocarcinomas of the pancreas. Cancer Res 55:2394–2399 (1995).
141.
Griffin CA, Hawkins AL, Dvorak C, Henkle C, Ellingham T, Perlman EJ: Recurrent involvement of 2p23 in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors. Cancer Res 59:2776–2780 (1999).
142.
Gross KL, Panhuysen CIM, Kleinman MS, Goldhammser H, Jones ES, et al: Involvement of fumarate hydratase in nonsyndromic uterine leiomyomas: Genetic linkage analysis and FISH studies. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 41:183–190 (2004).
143.
Gunawan B, Weber M, Bergmann F, Wildberger J, Niethard FU, Füzesi L: Clonal chromosomal abnormalities in enchondromas and chondrosarcomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 120:127–130 (2000).
144.
Gunawan B, Huber W, Holtruo M, von Heydebreck A, Efferth T, et al: Prognostic impacts of cytogenetic findings in clear cell renal carcinoma: gain of 5q31–qter predicts a distinct clinical phenotype with favourable prognosis. Cancer Res 61:7731–7738 (2001).
145.
Haglund U, Juliusson G, Stellan B, Gahrton G: Hairy cell leukemia is characterized by clonal chromosome abnormalities clustered to specific regions. Blood 83:2637–2645 (1994).
146.
Hainsworth PJ, Raphael KL, Stillwell RG, Bennett RC, Garson OM: Cytogenetic features of twenty-six primary breast cancers. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 52:205–218 (1991).
147.
Hajianpour MJ, Hajianpour AK, Habibian R, Wohlmuth C: Leiomyoma of the uterus in a patient with ring chromosome 12: case presentation and literature review. Am J Med Genet 63:335–339 (1996).
148.
Hallor KH, Heidenblad M, Brosjö O, Mandahl N, Mertens F: Tiling resolution array comparative genomic hybridization analysis of a fibrosarcoma of bone. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 172:80–83 (2007).
149.
Harbott J, Mancini M, Verellen-Dumoulin C, Moorman AV, Secker-Walker LM: Hematological malignancies with a deletion of 11q23: cytogenetic and clinical aspects. Leukemia 12:823–827 (1998).
150.
Harewood L, Robinson H, Harris R, Jabbar Al-Obaidi M, Jalali GR, et al: Amplification of AML1 on a duplicated chromosome 21 in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a study of 20 cases. Leukemia 17:547–553 (2003).
151.
Harrison CJ, Yang F, Butler T, Cheung KL, O’Brien PC, et al: Cross-species color banding in ten cases of myeloid malignancies with complex karyotypes. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 30:15–24 (2001).
152.
Hasle H, Aricò M, Basso G, Biondi A, Cantù Rajnoldi A, et al: Myelodysplastic syndrome, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, and acute myeloid leukemia associated with complete or partial monosomy 7 (European Working Group on MDS in Childhood EWOG-MDS). Leukemia 13:376–385 (1999).
153.
Hayashi Y, Eguchi M, Sugita K, Nakazawa S, Sato T, et al: Cytogenetic findings and clinical features in acute leukemia and transient myeloproliferative disorder in Down’s syndrome. Blood 72:15–23 (1988).
154.
Hda N, Chadli B, Bousfiha A, Trachli A, Harif M, Benslimane A: Cytogenetic survey of 53 Moroccan patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 86:124–128 (1996).
155.
Heerema NA, Arthur DC, Sather H, Albo V, Feusner J, et al: Cytogenetic features of infants less than 12 months of age at diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: impact of the 11q23 breakpoints on outcome: a report of the Childrens Cancer Group. Blood 83:2274–2284 (1994).
156.
Heerema NA, Sather HN, Ge J, Arthur DC, Hilden JM, et al: Cytogenetic studies of infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia: poor prognosis of infants with t(4;11) – a report of the Children’s Cancer Group. Leukemia 13:679–686 (1999).
157.
Heim S, Mitelman F: Cancer Cytogenetics, 2nd ed., pp 536 (Wiley-Liss, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore 1995).
158.
Heim S, Mandahl N, Kristoffersson U, Mitelman F, Rööser B, et al: Marker ring chromosome – a new cytogenetic abnormality characterizing lipogenic tumors? Cancer Genet Cytogenet 24:319–326 (1987).
159.
Heim S, Bekassy AN, Garwicz S, Heldrup J, Kristoffersson U, et al: Bone marrow karyotypes in 94 children with acute leukemia. Eur J Haematol 44:227–233 (1990).
160.
Heller A, Loncarevic IF, Glaser M, Gebhart E, Trautmann U, et al: Breakpoint differentiation in chromosomal aberrations of hematological malignancies: identification of 33 previously unrecorded breakpoints. Int J Oncol 24:127–136 (2004).
161.
Hiller B, Bradke J, Balz H, Rieder H: CyDAS: a cytogenetic data analysis system. Bioinformatics 21:1282–1283 (2005).
162.
Hiorns LR, Swansbury GJ, Mehta J, Min T, Dainton MG, et al: Additional chromosome abnormalities confer worse prognosis in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 96:314–321 (1997).
163.
Hopman AHN, van Hooren E, van de Kaa CHA, Vooijs PGP, Ramaekers FCS: Detection of numerical chromosome aberrations using in situ hybridization in paraffin sections of routinely processed bladder cancers. Mod Pathol 4:503–513 (1991).
164.
Horsmann DE, Connors JM, Oantzar T, Gascoyne RD: Analysis of secondary chromosomal alterations in 165 cases of follicular lymphoma with t(14;18). Genes Chromosomes Cancer 30:375–382 (2001).
165.
Hrynchak M, White V, Berean K, Horsman D: Cytogenetic findings in seven lacrimal gland neoplasms. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 75:133–138 (1994).
166.
Huang SY, Tang JL, Liang YJ, Wang CH, Chen YC, Tien HF: Clinical, haematological and molecular studies in patients with chromosome translocation t(7;11): a study of four Chinese patients in Taiwan. Br J Haematol 96:682–687 (1997).
167.
Huret JL, Mossafa H, Brizard A, Dreyfus B, Guilhot F, et al: Karyotypes of 33 patients with clonal aberrations in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Ann Genet 32:155–159 (1989).
168.
Huret JL, Schoenwald M, Gabarre J, Vaugier GL, Tanzer J: Two additional cases of isochromosome 21q or translocation 21q21q in haematological malignancies. Acta Haematol 86:111–114 (1991).
169.
Itoyama T, Nanjungud G, Chen W, Dyomin VG, Teruya-Feldstein J, et al: Molecular cytogenetic analysis of genomic instability at the 1q12–22 chromosomal site in B-cell Non-Hodgkin-lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 35:318–328 (2002).
170.
Iwasaki H, Ohjimi Y, Ishiguro M, Isayama T, Fujita C, et al: Supernumerary ring chromosomes and nuclear blebs in some low-grade malignant soft tissue tumours: atypical lipomatous tumours and dematofibrosarcoma protuberans. Virchows Arch 432:521–528 (1998).
171.
Jarosova M, Holzerova M, Mihal V, Lakoma I, Divoky V, et al: Complex karyotypes in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic study of 21 cases. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 145:161–168 (2003).
172.
Jenkins RB, Kimmel DW, Moertel CA, Schultz CG, Scheithauer BW, et al: A cytogenetic study of 53 gliomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 39:253–279 (1989a).
173.
Jenkins RB, Tefferi A, Solberg LA, Dewald GW: Acute leukemia with abnormal thrombopoiesis and inversions of chromosome 3. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 39:167–179 (1989b).
174.
Jenkins RB, Bartelt D, Stalboerger P, Persons D, Dahl RD, et al: Cytogenetic studies of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 71:76–86 (1993).
175.
Jin Y, Mertens F, Persson B, Warloe T, Gullestad HP, et al: Nonrandom numerical chromosome abnormalities in basal cell carcinoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 103:35–42 (1998).
176.
Johansson B, Billström R, Kristoffersson U, Äkerman M, Garwicz S, et al: Deletion of chromosome arm 3p in hematologic malignancies. Leukemia 11:1207–1213 (1997).
177.
Johansson M, Karaüzüm SB, Dietrich C, Mandahl N, Hambraeus G, et al: Karyotypic abnormalities in adenocarcinomas of the lung. Int J Oncol 5:17–26 (1994).
178.
Johnson DD, Dewald GW, Pierre RV, Letendre L, Silverstein MN: Deletions of chromosome 13 in malignant hematologic disorders. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 18:225–241 (1985).
179.
Jonveaux P, Bernard O, Hillion J, Berger R: Specific in vitro amplified probe detects the E2A gene rearrangement in the t(1;19) acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 4:808–810 (1990).
180.
Juneja S, Matthews J, Lukeis R, Laidlaw C, Cooper I, et al: Prognostic value of cytogenetic abnormalities in previously untreated patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 25:493–501 (1997).
181.
Kakati S, Xiao H, Siddiqui SY, Sreekantaiah C, Weier HU, et al: Constitutional extra chromosomal element in a family with Wilms’ tumor. Hum Genet 87:183–188 (1991).
182.
Kakazu N, Taniwaki M, Horiike S, Nishida K, Tatekawa T, et al: Combined spectral karyotyping and DAPI banding analysis of chromosome abnormalities in myelodysplastic syndrome. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 26:336–345 (1999).
183.
Kaneko Y, Rowley JD, Maurer HS, Variakojis D, Moohr JW: Chromosome pattern in childhood acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). Blood 60:189–190 (1982).
184.
Kaneko Y, Frizzera G, Shikano T, Kobayashi H, Maseki N, Sakurai M: Chromosomal and immunophenotypic patterns in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T ALL) and lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL). Leukemia 3:886–892 (1989).
185.
Katayama KP, Masukawa T: Ring chromosomes in breast cancer. Acta Cytol 12:159–161 (1968).
186.
Kaufmann H, Krömer E, Nösslinger T, Weltermann A, Ackermann J, et al: Both chromosome 13 abnormalities by metaphase cytogenetics and deletion of 13q by interphase FISH only are prognostically relevant in multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol 71:179–183 (2003).
187.
Kazmierczak B, Meyer-Bolte K, Tran KH, Wöckel W, Breightman I, et al: A high frequency of tumors with rearrangements of genes of the HMGI(Y) family in a series of 191 pulmonary chondroid hamartomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 26:125–133 (1999).
188.
Kehrer-Sawatzki H, Udart M, Krone W, Baden R, Fahsold R, et al: Mutational analysis and expression studies of the neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) gene in a patient with a ring chromosome 22 and NF2. Hum Genet 100:67–74 (1997).
189.
Kerkhofs H, Hagemeijer A, Leeksma CHW, Abels J, Den Ottolander GJ, et al: The 5q- chromosome abnormality in haematologiocal disorders: a collaborative study of 34 cases from the Netherlands. Br J Haematol 52:365–381 (1982).
190.
Keung YK, Cobos E, Morgan D, Whitehead RP, Tonk V: Double minute chromosomes and myelodysplastic syndrome : A case report and literature review. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 97:94–96 (1997).
191.
Kiechle-Schwarz M, Sreekantaiah C, Berger CS, Pedron S, Medchill MT, et al: Nonrandom cytogenetic changes in leiomyosarcomas of the female genitourinary tract. A report of 35 cases. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 53:125–136 (1991).
192.
Kievits T, Dauwerse JG, Wiegant J, Devilee P, Breuning MH, et al: Rapid chromosomal localization of cosmids by nonradioactive in situ hybridization. Cytogenet Cell Genet 53:134–136 (1990).
193.
Kim MH, Stewart J, Devlin C, Kim YT, Boyd E, Connor M: The application of comparative genomic hybridization as an additional tool in the chromosome analysis of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 126:26–33 (2001).
194.
Klaus M, Schnittger S, Haferlach T, Dreyling M, Hiddemann W, Schoch C: Cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction are necessary to clarify the various mechanisms leading to an MLL-AF10 fusion in acute myelocytic leukemia with 10;11 rearrangement. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 144:36–43 (2003).
195.
Klopfenstein K, Soukup S, Blough R, Mazewski C, Ballard E, et al: Chromosome analyses in a rhabdoid tumor of the brain. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 93:152–156 (1997).
196.
Kobayashi K, Usami I, Kubota M, Nishio T, Kakazu N: Chromosome 7 abnormalities in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia associated with Down syndrome. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 158:184–187 (2005).
197.
Koch JE, Kölvraa S, Petersen KB, Gregersen N, Bolund L: Oligo-nucleotide-priming methods for the chromosome-specific labelling of alpha satellite DNA in situ. Chromosoma 98:259–265 (1989).
198.
Koduru PR, Raju K, Vadmal V, Menezes G, Shah S, et al: Correlation between mutation in P53, p53 expression, cytogenetics, histologic type, and survival in patients with B-cell Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Blood 90:4078–4091 (1997).
199.
Kovacs BZ, Niggli FK, Betts DR: Aberrations involving 13q12 approximately q14 are frequent secondary events in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 151:157–161 (2004).
200.
Kovacs G: Preferential involvement of chromosome 1q in a primary breast carcinoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 3:125–129 (1981).
201.
Kovacs G, Freund M, Poliwoda H, Leithauser H, Thiel E: Homogenously staining chromosomal region in a case of erythroleukemia. Scand J Haematol 36:232–237 (1986).
202.
Kovacs G, Szucs S, De Riese W, Baumgartel H: Specific chromosome aberration in human renal cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 40:171–178 (1987).
203.
Kovacs G, Welter C, Wilkens L, Blin N, Deriese W: Renal oncocytoma. A phenotypic and genotypic entity of renal parenchymal tumors. Am J Pathol 134:967–971 (1989).
204.
Kovacs G, Fuzesi I, Emanual A, Kung HF: Cytogenetics of papillary renal cell tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 3:249–255 (1991).
205.
Kristoffersson U, Olsson H, Äkerman M, Mitelman F: Cytogenetic studies in non-Hodgkin lymphomas – Results from fine-needle aspiration samples. Hereditas 103:63–76 (1985).
206.
La Starza R, Stella M, Testoni N, Di Bona E, Ciolli S, et al: Characterization of 12p molecular events outside ETV6 in complex karyotypes of acute myeloid malignancies. Brit J Haematol 107:340–346 (1999).
207.
Lai JL, Jouet JP, Savary JB, Fenaux P, Bauters F, Deminatti M: Chronic myelogenous leukemia with t(9;22) and t(8;11): a new chromosome anomaly. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 25:103–107 (1987).
208.
Lai JL, Preudhomme C, Zandecki M, Flactif M, Vanrumbeke M, et al: Myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia with 17p deletion. An entity characterized by specific dysgranulopoiesis and high incidence of p53 mutations. Leukemia 9:370–381 (1995).
209.
Lai JL, Michaux L, Dastugue N, Vasseur F, Daudignon A, et al: Cytogenetics in multiple myeloma: A multicenter study of 24 patients with t(11;14)(q13;q32) or its variants. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 104:133–138 (1998).
210.
Lakkala-Paranko T, Franssila K, Lappalainen K, Leskinen R, Knuutila S, et al: Chromosome abnormalities in peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol 66:451–460 (1987).
211.
Lambrechts AC, Looijenga LH, van’t Veer MB, van Echten J, Timens W, Ooosterhuis JW: Lymphomas with testicular localisation show a consistent BCL-2 expression without a translocation (14;18): a molecular and immunohistochemical study. Br J Cancer 71:73–77 (1995).
212.
Lampert F, Harbott J, Ritterbach J: Chromosomenaberrationen bei akuten Leukämien im Kindesalter: Analyse von 1009 Patienten. Klin Pädiatr 203:311–318 (1991).
213.
Latham JAE, Bown N, Cain G, Middleton P, Kernahan J, et al: Molecular heterogeneity of variant Philadelphia translocations in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 8:292–294 (1994).
214.
Lee EJ, Pollak A, Leavitt RD, Testa JR, Schiffer CA: Minimally differentiated acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: a distinct entity. Blood 70:1400–1406 (1987).
215.
Lekanne-Deprez RH, Riegman PH, van Drunen E, Warringa UL, Groen NA, et al: Cytogenetic, molecular genetic and pathological analyses in 126 meningiomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 54:224–235 (1995).
216.
Leroux D, Mugneret F, Callanan M, Radford-Weiss I, Dastugue N, et al: CD4+, CD56+ DC2 acute leukemia is characterized by recurrent clonal chromosomal changes affecting 6 major targets: a study of 21 cases by the Groupe Français de Cytogenetique Hematologique. Blood 99:4154–4159 (2002).
217.
Lestou VS, O’Connell JX, Ludkovski O, Gosling H, Lesack D, Horsman DE: Coamplification of 12p11 and 12q13 approximately q22 in multiple ring chromosomes in a spindle cell sarcoma resolved by novel multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 139:44–47 (2002).
218.
Lestou VS, Gascoyne RD, Sehn L, Ludkovski O, Chhanabhai M, et al: Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of t(14;18)-positive follicular lymphoma and correlation with gene expression data and clinical outcome. Br J Haematol 122:745–759 (2003).
219.
Leuschner E, Meyer-Bolte K, Caselitz J, Bartnitzke S, Bullerdiek J: Fibroadenoma of the breast showing translocation (6;14), a ring chromosome and two markers involving parts of chromosome 11. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 76:145–147 (1994).
220.
Lewin N, Äman P, Mellstedt H, Zech L, Klein G: Direct outgrowth of in vivo Epstein-Bar virus (EBV)-infected chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells into permanent lines. Int J Cancer 41:892–895 (1988).
221.
Lewis JP, Jenks H, Walling P: Ring chromosomes in chronic myelogenous leukemia: an ominous finding. Leuk Res 12:379–383 (1988).
222.
Limon J, Dal Cin P, Sandberg AA: Cytogenetic findings in a primary leiomyosarcoma of the prostate. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 22:159–167 (1986).
223.
Limon J, Mrozek K, Mandahl N, Nedoszytko B, Verhest A, et al: Cytogenetics of synovial sarcoma: presentation of ten new cases and review of the literature. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 3:338–345 (1991).
224.
Limon J, Babinska M, Denis A, Rys J, Niezabitowski A: Parachordoma: A rare sarcoma with clonal chromosomal changes. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 102:78–80 (1998).
225.
Lindquist R, Forsblom AM, Ost A, Gahrton G: Mutagen exposures and chromosome 3 aberrations in acute myelocytic leukemia. Leukemia 14:112–118 (2000).
226.
Lindström E, Salford LG, Heim S, Mandahl N, Strömblad S, et al: Trisomy 7 and sex chromosome loss need not be representative of tumor parenchyma cells in malignant glioma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 3:474–479 (1991).
227.
Lindvall C, Nordenskjöld M, Porwit A, Björkholm M, Blennow E: Molecular cytogenetic characterization of acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndromes with multiple chromosome rearrangements. Haematologica 86:1158–1164 (2001).
228.
Liozon E, Brigaudeau C, Trimoreau F, Desangles F, Fermeaux V: Is treatment with hydroxyurea leukemogenic in patients with essential thrombocythemia? An analysis of three new cases of leukemic transformation and review of the literature. Hematol Cell Ther 39:11–18 (1997).
229.
Lishner M, Lalkin A, Klein A, Yarkoni S, Manor Y, et al: The BCL-1, BCL-2, and BCL-3 oncogenes are involved in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Detection by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 85:118–123 (1995).
230.
Lopez-Gines C, Cerda-Nicolas M, Llombart-Bosch A: Cytogenetic findings in a new case of adenoid cystic carcinoma arising in sphenoidal sinus. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 75:150–152 (1994).
231.
Lopez-Gines C, Carda-Batalla, Lopez-Terrada L, Llombart-Bosch A: Presence of double minutes and monosomy 17p in xenografted human osteosarcomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 90:57–62 (1996).
232.
Lopez-Gines C, Cerda-Nicolas M, Kepes J, Donat J, Gil-Benso R, Llombart-Bosch A: Complex rearrangement of chromosomes 6 and 11 as the sole anomaly in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors of the central nervous system. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 122:149–152 (2000).
233.
Lualdi E, Modena P, Debiec-Rychter M, Pedeutour F, Teixeira MR, et al: Molecular cytogenetic characterization of proximal-type epitheloid sarcoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 41:283–290 (2004).
234.
Ludwig WD, Bartram CR, Harbott J, Köller U, Haas OA, et al: Phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity in infant acute leukemia. I. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 3:431–439 (1989).
235.
Ma SK, Wan TSK, Au WY, Fung LF, So CK, Chan LC: Chromosome 11q deletion in myeloid malignancies. Leukemia 16:953–955 (2002).
236.
Maki RG, Awan RA, Dixon RH, Jhanwar S, Antonescu CR: Differential sensitivity to Imatinib of 2 patients with metatsatic sarcoma arising from dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. In J Cancer 100:623–626 (2002).
237.
Makino S, Ishihara T, Tonimura A: Cytological study of tumors XXVII. The chromosomes of thirty human tumors. Z Krebsforsch 63:184–208 (1959).
238.
Mamuris Z, Dumont J, Dutrillaux B, Aurias A: Chromosomal differences between acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in patients with prior solid tumors and prior hematologic malignancies. A study of 14 cases with prior breast cancer. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 42:43–50 (1989).
239.
Mandahl N: Cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft tissue tumors. Adv Cancer Res 69:63–99 (1996).
240.
Mandahl N, Heim S, Arheden K, Rydholm A, Willen H, Mitelman F: Three major cytogenetic subgroups can be identified among chromosomally abnormal solitary lipomas. Hum Genet 79:203–208 (1988a).
241.
Mandahl N, Heim S, Arheden K, Rydholm A, Willen H, Mitelman F: Rings, dicentrics, and telomeric associations in histiocytomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 30:23–33 (1988b).
242.
Mandahl N, Heim S, Willen H, Rydholm A, Eneroth M, et al: Characteristic karyotypic anomalies identify subtypes of malignant fibrous histiocytome. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1:9–14 (1989).
243.
Mandahl N, Heim S, Willen H, Rydholm A, Mitelman F: Supernumerary ring chromosomes as the sole cytogenetic abnormality in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 49:273–275 (1990).
244.
Mandahl N, Höglund M, Mertens F, Rydholm A, Willen H, et al: Cytogenetic aberrations in 188 benign and borderline adipose tissue tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 9:207–215 (1994).
245.
Mandahl N, Limon J, Mertens F, Arheden K, Mitelman F: Ring marker containing 17q and chromosome 22 in a case of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 89:88–91 (1996a).
246.
Mandahl N, Akerman M, Aman P, Dal Cin P, De Wever I, et al: Duplication of chromosome segment 12q15–24 is associated with atypical lipomatous tumors: a report of the CHAMP collaborative study group. Int J Cancer 67:623–635 (1996b).
247.
Mandahl N, Mertens F, Willen H, Rydholm A, Kreicbergs A, Mitelman F: Nonrandom pattern of telomeric associations in atypical lipomatous tumors with ring and giant marker chromosomes. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 103:25–34 (1998).
248.
Mansoor A, Fidda N, Himoe E, Payne M, Lawce H, Magenis RE: Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma with complex supernumerary ring chromosomes composed of chromosome 3 segments. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 152:61–65 (2004).
249.
Mark J, Ekedahl C, Dahlenfors R: Characteristics of the banding patterns in non-Hodgkin and non-Burkitt lymphomas. Hereditas 88:229–242 (1978).
250.
Mark J, Dahlenfors R, Ekedahl C: Specificity and implications of ring chromosomes and dicentrics in benign mixed salivary gland tumours. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand [A] 91:397–402 (1983).
251.
Mark J, Sandros J, Wedell B, Stenman G, Ekedahl C: Significance of the choice of tissue culture technique on the chromosomal patterns in human mixed salivary gland tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 33:229–244 (1988).
252.
Mark J, Dahlenfors R, Stenman G, Bende M, Melen I: Cytogenetical observations in two cases of polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma of the salivary glands. Anticancer Res 12:1195–1198 (1992).
253.
Mark J, Dahlenfors R, Wedell B: Impact of in vitro technique used on the cytogenetic patterns in pleomorphic adenomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 95:9–15 (1997).
254.
Marlton P, Keating M, Kantarijan H, Pierde S, O’Brien S, et al: Cytogenetic and clinical correlates in AML patients with abnormalities of chromosome 16. Leukemia 9:965–971 (1995).
255.
Marosi C, Köller U, Koller-Weber E, Schwarzinger I, Schneider B, et al: Prognostic impact of karyotype and immunologic phenotype in 125 adult patients with de novo AML. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 61:14–25 (1992).
256.
Martin PL, Look AT, Schnell S, Harris MB, Pullen J, et al: Comparison of fluorescence in situ hybridization, cytogenetic analysis, and DNA index analysis to detect chromosome 4 and 10 aneuploidy in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a pediatric cytology group study. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 18:113–121 (1996).
257.
Martineau M, Clark R, Farrell DM, Hawkins JM, Moorman AV, Secker-Walker LM: Isochromosomes in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: i(21q) is a significant finding. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 17:21–30 (1996).
258.
Mauritzson N, Johansson B, Rylander L, Albin M, Strömberg U, et al: The prognostic impact of karyotypic subgroups in myelodysplastic syndromes is strongly modified by sex. Brit J Haematol 113:347–356 (2001).
259.
Mauritzson N, Albin M, Rylander L, Billström R, Ahlgren T, et al: Pooled analysis of clinical and cytogenetic features in treatment-related and de novo adult acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndromes based on a consecutive series of 761 patients analysed 1976–1993 and on 5098 unselected cases reported in the literature 1974–2001. Leukemia 16:2366–2378 (2002).
260.
Mazewski C, Soukup S, Ballard E, Gotwals B, Lampkin B: Karyotype studies in 18 ependymomas with literature review of 107 cases. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 113:1–8 (1999).
261.
Mecucci C, Louwagie A, Thomas J, Boogaerts M, Van den Berghe H: Cytogenetic studies in T-cell malignancies. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 30:63–71 (1988).
262.
Mehraein Y, Ehlhardt S, Wagner A, Göttert E, Tilgen W, et al: Somatic mosaicism of chromosome 7 in a highly proliferating melanocytic congenital naevus in a ring chromosome 7 patient. Am J Med Genet 131:179–185 (2004).
263.
Meis-Kindblom JM, Sjögren H, Kindblom LG, Peydro-Mellquist A, Roijer E, et al: Cytogenetic and molecular genetic analyses of liposarcoma and its soft tissue simulators: recognition of new variants and differential diagnosis. Virchows Arch 439:141–151 (2001).
264.
Meloni AM, Surti U, Contento AM, Davar J, Sandberg AA: Uterine leiomyomas: cytogenetic and histologic profile. Obstet Gynecol 80:209–217 (1992).
265.
Meloni-Ehrig AM, Chen Z, Guan XY, Notohamiprodjo M, Shepard RR, et al: Identification of a ring chromosome in myxoid malignant fibrous histiocytome with chromosome microdissection and fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 109:81–85 (1999).
266.
Mertens F, Rydholm A, Bauer HF, Limon J, Nedoszytko B, et al: Cytogenetic findings in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Int J Cancer 61:793–798 (1995).
267.
Mertens F, Panagopoulos I, Jonson T, Gisselsson D, Isaksson M, et al: Retained heterodisomy for chromosome 12 in atypical lipomatous tumors: Implications for ring chromosome formation. Cytogenet Genome Res 106:33–38 (2004).
268.
Mezzelani A, Sozzi G, Nessling M, Riva C, Della Torre G, et al: Low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma, a further low-grade soft tissue malignancy characterized by a ring chromosome. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 122:144–148 (2000).
269.
Micci F, Teixeira MR, Bjerkehagen B, Heim S: Characterization of supernumerary rings and giant marker chromosomes in well-differentiated lipomatous tumors by a combination of G-banding, CGH, M-FISH, and chromosome- and locus-specific FISH. Cytogenet Genome Res 97:13–19 (2002).
270.
Micci F, Teixeira MR, Haugom L, Kristensen G, Abeler VM, Heim S: Genomic aberrations in carcinomas of the uterine corpus. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 40:229–246 (2004).
271.
Michalova K, Cermak J, Brezinova J, Zemanova Z: Double minute chromosomes in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome transforming into acute myeloid leukaemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 109:76–78 (1999).
272.
Michaux L, Wlodarska I, Stul M, Dierlamm J, Mugneret F, et al: MLL amplification in myeloid leukemias: A study of 14 cases with multiple copies of 11q23. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 29:40–47 (2000).
273.
Milasin J, Micic M, Micic S, Diklic V: Distribution of marker chromosomes in relation to histologic grade in bladder cancer. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 42:135–142 (1989).
274.
Minoletti F, Miozzo M, Pedeutour F, Sard L, Pilotti S, et al: Involvement of chromosomes 17 and 22 in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 13:62–65 (1995).
275.
Mirza I, Kazimi SN, Ligi R, Burns J, Braza F: Cytogenetic profile of a thymoma. A case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 124:1714–1716 (2000).
276.
Mitelman F, Johansson B, Mertens F (eds): Mitelman database of chromosome aberrations in cancer (2004): http://cgap.nci.nih.gov/Chromosomes/Mitelman
277.
Mohamed AN, Zalupski MM, Ryan JR, Koppitch F, Balcerzak S, et al: Cytogenetic aberrations and DNA ploidy in soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 99:45–53 (1997).
278.
Mohr B, Illmer T, Oelschlägel U, Nowak R, Höllig K, et al: Complex cytogenetic and immunophenotypic aberrations in a patient with Sezary syndrome. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 90:33–36 (1996).
279.
Mohren M, Essbach U, Franke A, Klink A, Maas C, et al: Acute myelofibrosis in a patient with diffuse large cell non Hodgkin’s lymphoma and renal cancer. Leuk Lymphoma 44:1603–1607 (2003).
280.
Molenaar WM, Dijkhuizen T, van Echten J, Hoekstra HJ, van den Berg E: Cytogenetic support for early malignant change in a diffuse neurofibroma not associated with neurofibromatosis. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 97:70–72 (1997).
281.
Morel F, Herry A, Le Bris MJ, Morice P, Bouquard P, et al: Contribution of fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses to the characterization of masked and complex Philadelphia chromosome translocations in chronic myelocytic leukemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 147:115–120 (2003).
282.
Morgan R, Hecht F: Deletion of chromosome band 13q14: a primary event in preleukemia and leukaemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 18:243–249 (1985).
283.
Morrissette JJD, Celle L, Owens NL, Shields CL, Zackai EH, Spinner NB: Boy with bilateral retinoblastoma due to an unusual ring chromosome 13 with activation of a latent centromere. Am J Med Genet 99:21–28 (2001).
284.
Mrozek K, Heinonen K, Theil KS, Bloomfield CD: Spectral karyotyping in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and a complex karyotype shows hidden aberrations, including recurrent overrepresentation of 21q, 11q, and 22q. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 34:137–153 (2002).
285.
Muleris M, Almeida A, Dutrillaux AM, Pruchon E, Vega F, et al: Oncogene amplification in human gliomas: a molecular cytogenetic analysis. Oncogene 9:2717–2722 (1994).
286.
Musilova J, Michalova K: Chromosome study of 85 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 33:39–50 (1988).
287.
Naeem R, Lux ML, Huang SF, Naber SP, Corson JM, Fletcher JA: Ring chromosomes in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans are composed of interspersed sequences from chromosomes 17 and 22. Am J Pathol 147:1553–1558 (1995).
288.
Najfeld V, Cuttner J, Figur A, Kawasaki ES, Witte ON, Clark SS: P185BCR-ABL in two patients with late appearing Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 3:841–846 (1989).
289.
Nakadate H, Tsuchiya T, Maseki N, Hatae Y, Tsunematsu Y, et al: Correlation of chromosome abnormalities with presence or absence of WT1 deletions/mutations in Wilms tumor. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 25:26–32 (1999).
290.
Nakamura H: Cytogenetic heterogeneity in erythroleukemia defined as M6 by the French-American-British (FAB) cooperative group criteria. Leukemia 3:305–309 (1989).
291.
Naus NC, Verhoeven ACA, van Drunen E, Slater R, Mooy CM, et al: Detection of genetic prognostic markers in uveal melanoma biopsies using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Clin Cancer Res 8:534–539 (2002).
292.
Navarro M, Simon MP, Migeon C, Turc-Carel C, Pedetour F: COL1A1-PDGFB fusion in a ring chromosome 4 found in a dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 23:263–266 (1998).
293.
Neumann E, Kalousek DK, Norman MG, Steinbok P, Douglas Cochrane D, Goddard K: Cytogenetic analysis of 109 pediatric central nervous system tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 78:40–49 (1993).
294.
Nietzel A, Heller A, Starke H, Claussen U, Liehr T: Centromere-specific multicolor-FISH (cen M-FISH), in Rautenstrauβ BW, Liehr T (eds): FISH Technology, pp 425–431 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 2002).
295.
Nilbert M: Molecular and cytogenetics of soft tissue sarcomas. Acta Orthop Scand, Suppl 273:60–67 (1997).
296.
Nilbert M, Heim S: Uterine leiomyoma cytogenetics. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2:3–13 (1990).
297.
Nilbert M, Heim S, Mandahl N, Floderus UM, Willen H, et al: Ring formation and structural rearrangements of chromosome 1 as secondary changes in uterine leiomyomas with t(12;14) (q14–15;q23–24). Cancer Genet Cytogenet 36:183–190 (1988).
298.
Nilbert M, Rydholm A, Willen H, Mitelman F, Mandahl N: MDM2 gene amplification correlates with ring chromosome in soft tissue tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 9:261–265 (1994).
299.
Nilsson M, Meza-Zepeda LA, Mertens F, Forus A, Myklebost O, Mandahl N: Amplification of chromosome 1 sequences in lipomatous tumors and other sarcomas. Int J Cancer 109:363–369 (2004).
300.
Nishio J, Iwasaki H, Ohjimi Y, Ishiguro M, Isayama T, et al: Supernumerary ring chromosomes in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans may contain sequences from 8q11.2–qter and 17q21–qter: a combined cytogenetic and comparative genomic hybridization study. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 129:102–106 (2001a).
301.
Nishio J, Iwasaki H, Ishiguro M, Ohjimi Y, Yo S, et al: Supernumerary ring chromosome in Bednar tumor (pigmented dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans) is composed of interspersed sequences from chromosomes 17 and 22: a fluorescence in situ hybridization and comparative genomic hybridization analysis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 30:305–309 (2001b).
302.
Nordgren A, Farnebo F, Björkholm M, Sahlen S, Porwit-MacDonald A, et al: Detailed characterization of a complex karyotype in a patient with primary plasma cell leukaemia using multicolor spectral karyotyping and micro-FISH. Hematol J 1:96–101 (2000).
303.
Nowotny H, Karlic H, Grüner H, Hirsch J, Vesely M, et al: Cytogenetic findings in 175 patients indicate that items of the Kiel classification should not be disregarded in the REAL classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Ann Hematol 72:291–301 (1996).
304.
O’Brien KP, Seroussi E, Dal Cin P, Sciot R, Mandahl N, et al: Various regions within the alpha-helical domain of the COL1A1 gene are fused to the second exon of the PDFGB gene in dermatofibrosarcomas and giant-cell fibroblastomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 23:187–193 (1998).
305.
Odero MD, Carlson KM, Calasanz MJ, Rowley JD: Further characterization of complex chromosomal rearrangements in myeloid malignancies: spectral karyotyping adds precision in defining abnormalities associated with poor prognosis. Leukemia 15:1133–1145 (2001).
306.
Olinici CD, Marinca E, Macavei I, Dobay O: Missing X chromosome and ring chromosome 21 in a case of acute myelomonocytic leukemia. Arch Geschwulstforsch 48:202–204 (1978).
307.
Olopade OI, Thangavelu M, Larson RA, Mick R, Kowal-Vern A, et al: Clinical, morphologic, and cytogenetic characteristics of 26 patients with acute erythroblastic leukemia. Blood 80:2873–2882 (1992).
308.
Olopade OI, Roulston D, Baker T, Narvid S, Le Beau MM, et al: Familial myeloid leukemia associated with loss of the long arm of chromosome 5. Leukemia 10:669–674 (1996).
309.
Örndal C, Mandahl N, Rydholm A, Willen H, Brosjo O, et al: Supernumerary ring chromosomes in five bone and soft tissue tumors of low or borderline malignancy. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 60:170–175 (1992).
310.
Orr LC, Fleitz J, McGavran L, Wyatt-Ashmead J, Handler M, Foreman NK: Cytogenetics in pediatric low-grade astrocytomas. Med Pediatr Oncol 38:173–177 (2002).
311.
Oscier DG, Gardiner A, Mould S: Structural abnormalities of chromosome 7q in chronic lymphoproliferative disorders. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 92:24–27 (1996).
312.
Ott MM, Rosenwald A, Katzenberger T, Dreyling M, Krumdiek AK, et al: Marginal zone B-cell lymphomas (MZBL) arising at different sites represent different biological entities. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 28:380–386 (2000).
313.
Palmer CG, Blouin JL, Bull MJ, Breitfeld P, Vance GH, et al: Cytogenetic and molecular analysis of a ring (21) in a patient with partial trisomy 21 and megakaryocytic leukemia. Am J Med Genet 57:527–536 (1995).
314.
Pandis N, Heim S, Bardi G, Floderus UM, Wilen H, et al: Chromosome analysis of 96 uterine leiomyomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 55:11–18 (1991).
315.
Pandis N, Jin Y, Gorunova L, Petersson C, Bardi G, et al: Chromosome analysis of 97 primary breast carcinomas: Identification of eight karyotypic subgroups. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 12:173–185 (1995a).
316.
Pandis N, Teixeira MR, Gerdes AM, Limon J, Bardi G, et al: Chromosome abnormalities in bilateral breast carcinomas. Cytogenetic evaluation of the clonal origin of multiple primary tumors. Cancer 76:250–258 (1995b).
317.
Parada LA, Maranon A, Hallen M, Tranberg KG, Stenram U, et al: Cytogenetic analyses of secondary liver tumors reveal significant differences in genomic imbalances between primary and metastatic colon carcinomas. Clin Exp Metastasis 17:471–479 (1999).
318.
Park JP, Ladd SL, Ely P, Weiner NJ, Wojiski SA, et al: Amplification of the MLL region in acute myeloid leukaemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 121:198–205 (2002).
319.
Passmore SJ, Hann IM, Stiller CA, Ramani P, Swansbury GJ, et al: Pediatric myelodysplasia: A study of 68 children and a new prognostic scoring system. Blood 85:1742–1750 (1995).
320.
Pedersen MI, Bennett JW, Wang N: Nonrandom chromosome structural aberrations and oncogene loci in human malignant melanoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 20:11–27 (1986).
321.
Pedersen-Bjergaard J, Philip P, Olesen Larsen S, Jensen G, Byrsting K: Chromosome aberrations and prognostic factors in therapy-related myelodysplasia and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Blood 76:1083–1091 (1990).
322.
Pedeutour F, Suijkerbuijk RF, van Gaal J, van de Klundert W, Coindre JM, et al: Chromosome 12 origin in rings and giant markers in well-differentiated liposarcoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 66:133–134 (1993).
323.
Pedeutour F, Coindre JM, Sozzi G, Nicolo G, Leroux A, et al: Supernumerary ring chromosomes containing chromosome 17 sequences. A specific feature of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans? Cancer Genet Cytogenet 76:1–9 (1994).
324.
Pedeutour F, Simon MP, Minoletti F, Sozzi G, Pierotti MA, et al: Ring 22 chromosomes in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans are low-level amplifiers of chromosome 17 and 22 sequences. Cancer Res 55:2400–2403 (1995a).
325.
Pedeutour F, Turc-Carel C, Hecht BK, Hecht F: Translocation basis for polychromosomal rings. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 85:157–158 (1995b).
326.
Pedeutour F, Forus A, Coindre JM, Berner JM, Nicolo G, et al: Structure of the supernumerary ring and giant rod chromosomes in adipose tissue tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 24:30–41 (1999).
327.
Pedeutour F, Quade BJ, Sornberger K, Tallini G, Ligon AH, et al: Dysregulation of HMGIC in a uterine lipoleiomyoma with a complex rearrangement including chromosomes 7, 12, and 14. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 27:209–215 (2000).
328.
Pejovic T, Heim S, Mandahl N, Baldetorp B, Elmfors B, et al: Chromosome aberrations in 35 primary ovarian carcinomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 4:58–68 (1992).
329.
Pejovic T, Alm P, μosif SC, Mitelman F: Cytogenetic findings in four malignant mixed mesodermal tumors of the ovary. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 88:53–56 (1996a).
330.
Pejovic T, Iosif CS, Mitelman F, Heim S: Karyotypic characteristics of borderline malignant tumors of the ovary: Trisomy 1, trisomy 7, and r(1) as non-random features. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 92:95–98 (1996b).
331.
Perry A, Jenkins RB, Dahl RJ, Moertel CA, Scheithauer BW: Cytogenetic analysis of aggressive meningiomas: possible diagnostic and prognostic implications. Cancer 77:2567–2573 (1996).
332.
Persson F, Winnes M, Andren Y, Wedell B, Dahlenfors R, et al: High-resolution array CGH analysis of salivary gland tumors reveals fusion and amplification ot the FGFR1 and PLAG1 genes in ring chromosomes. Oncogene 27:3072–3080 (2008).
333.
Petersson Lundin C, Mertens F, Rizou H, Idvall I, Georgiou G, et al: Cytogenetic changes in benign proliferative and nonproliferative lesions of the breast. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 107:118–120 (1998).
334.
Petrella R, Levine S, Wilmot PL, Ashar KD, Casamassima AC, Shapiro LR: Multiple meningiomas in a patient with constitutional ring chromosome 22. Am J Med Genet 47:184–186 (1993).
335.
Pettenati MJ, McNay JW, Chauvenet AR: Translocation of the MOS gene in a rare t(8;16) associated with acute myeloblastic leukaemia and Down syndrome. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 37:221–227 (1989).
336.
Pilotti S, Della Torre G, Lavarino C, Sozzi G, Minoletti F, et al: Molecular abnormalities in liposarcoma: Role of MDM2 and CDK4 containing amplicons at 12q12–22. J Pathol 185:188–190 (1998).
337.
Pilotti S, Della Torre G, Mezzelani A, Tamborini E, Azzarelli A, et al: The expression of MDM2/CDK4 gene product in the differential diagnosis of well differentiated liposarcoma and large deep-seated lipoma. Br J Cancer 82:1271–1275 (2000).
338.
Polito P, Dal Cin P, Kazmierczak B, Rogalla P, Bullerdiek J, Van den Berghe H: Deletion of HMG17 in uterine leiomyomas with ring chromosome 1. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 108:107–109 (1999).
339.
Poppe B, Vandesompele J, Schoch C, Lindvall C, Mrozek K, et al: Expression analyses identify MLL as a prominent target of 11q23 amplification and support an etiologic role for MLL gain in function in myeloid malignancies. Blood 103:229–235 (2004).
340.
Prescher G, Bornfeld N, Friedrichs W, Seeber S, Becher R: Cytogenetics of twelve cases of uveal melanoma and patterns of nonrandom anomalies and isochromosome formation. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 80:40–46 (1995).
341.
Prieto F, Carbonell F, Badia L, Castel V, Perez Sirvent ML: Citogenetica en al estudio de los sindromes mielodisplasticos. Sangre 30:669–679 (1985).
342.
Pui CH, Carroll AJ, Raimondi SC, Schell MJ, Head DR, et al: Isochromosomes in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a collaborative study of 83 cases. Blood 79:2384–2391 (1992).
343.
Quade BJ, Weremowicz S, Neskey DM, Vanni R, Ladd C, et al: Fusion transcripts involving HMGA1 are not a common molecular mechanism in uterine leiomyomata with rearrangements in 12q15. Cancer Res 63:1351–1358 (2003).
344.
Raimondi SC, Chang MN, Ravindranath Y, Behm FG, Gresik MV, et al: Chromosomal abnormalities in 478 children with acute myeloid leukemia: Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome in a cooperative pediatric oncology group study – POG 8821. Blood 94:3707–3716 (1999).
345.
Reddy KS, Parsons L, Mak L, Dighe P, Saphner T, et al: Segmental amplification of 11q23 region identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization in four patients with myeloid disorders: a review. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 126:139–146 (2001).
346.
Reeves BR, Pickup VL: The chromosome changes in Non-Burkitt lymphomas. Hum Genet 53:349–355 (1980).
347.
Rein MS, Powell WL, Walters FC, Weremowicz S, Cantor RM, et al: Cytogenetic abnormalities in uterine myomas are associated with myoma size. Mol Hum Reprod 4:83–86 (1998).
348.
Rey JA, Bello MJ, de Campos JM, Kusak E, Moreno S: Chromosomal involvement secondary to –22 in human meningiomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 33:275–290 (1988).
349.
Ribeiro RC, Oliveira MSP, Fairclough D, Hurwitz C, Mirro J, et al: Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in children and adolescents: a retrospective analysis of 24 cases. Leuk Lymphoma 10:299–306 (1993).
350.
Ribotta M, Roseo F, Salvio M, Castagneto B, Carbone M, et al: Recurrent chromosome 6 abnormalities in malignant mesothelioma. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 53:228–235 (1998).
351.
Rimokh R, Berger F, Delsol G, Charrin C, Bertheas MF, et al: Rearrangement and overexpression of the BCL-1/PRAD-1 gene in intermediate lymphocytic lymphomas and in t(11q13)-bearing leukemias. Blood 81:3063–3067 (1993).
352.
Rodgers CS, Hill SM, Hulten MA: Cytogenetic analysis in human breast carcinoma. I. Nine cases in the diploid range investigated using direct preparations. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 13:95–119 (1984).
353.
Rohen C, Staats B, Bonk U, Bartnitzke S, Bullerdiek J: Significance of clonal chromosome aberrations in breast fibroadenomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 87:152–155 (1996).
354.
Romain DR, Gebbie OB, Parfitt RG, Columbano-Green LM, Smythe RH, et al: Two cases of ring chromosome 11. J Med Genet 20:380–382 (1983).
355.
Roman-Unfer S, Bitran JD, Hanauer S, Johnson I, Rita D, et al: Acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplasia following intensive chemotherapy for breast cancer. Bone Marrow Transplant 16:163–168 (1995).
356.
Rosai J, Akerman M, Dal Cin P, De Wever I, Fletcher CD, et al: Combined morphologic and karyotypic study of 59 atypical lipomatous tumors. Evaluation of their relationship and differential diagnosis with other adipose tissue tumors (a report of the CHAMP study group). Am J Surg Pathol 20:1182–1189 (1996).
357.
Rossbach HC, Sutcliffe MJ, Chamizo W, Haag MM, Grana NH, et al: Pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a 3-year-old boy with pre-acute myelogenous leukemia myelodysplastic syndrome: cytogenetic evidence of common early progenitor cell ontogeny. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 20:347–352 (1998).
358.
Rowley JD, Diaz MO, Espinosa R, Patel YD, van Melle E, et al: Mapping chromosome band 11q23 in human acute leukaemia with biotinylated probes: identification of 11q23 translocation breakpoints with a yeast artificial chromosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:9358–9362 (1990).
359.
Rubio A: 4 year old girl with ring chromosome 22 and brain tumor. Brain Pathol 7:1027–1028 (1997).
360.
Russell SJ, Walker H, Giles FJ, Goldstone AH: Ring chromosome 6 and i(17q-) in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia: Absence of translocation t(15;17). Cancer Genet Cytogenet 34:273–276 (1988).
361.
Rydholm A, Mandahl N, Heim S, Kreicbergs A, Willen H, Mitelman F: Malignant fibrous histiocytomas with a 19p+ marker chromosome have increased relapse rate. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2:296–299 (1990).
362.
Sadamori N, Han T, Kakati S, Sandberg AA: Chromosomes and causation of cancer and leukemia. LI. A hairy cell leukemia case with 14q+ and ring chromosomes: significance of ring chromosomes in blood disorders. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 9:68–77 (1983).
363.
Sait SNJ, Qadir MU, Conroy JM, Matsui SI, Nowak NJ, Baer MR: Double minute chromosomes in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome: identification of new amplification regions by fluorescence in situ hybridization and spectral karyotyping. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 34:42–47 (2002).
364.
Salomon-Nguyen F, Della-Valle V, Mauchauffe M, Busson-Le Coniat M, Ghysdael J, et al: The t(1;12)(q21;p13) translocation of human acute myeloblastic leukemia results in a TEL-ARNT fusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:6757–6762 (2000).
365.
San Roman C, Ferro MT, Fernandez Ranada JM, Steegman JL: Translocation (11;14) in B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 7:279–286 (1982).
366.
Sandberg AA: The Chromosomes in Human Cancer and Leukemia, pp 748 (Elsevier, New York, Amsterdam 1980).
367.
Sandberg AA: The Chromosomes in Human Cancer and Leukemia, 2nd ed., pp 1315 (Elsevier, New York, Amsterdam, Oxford 1990).
368.
Sandberg AA: Updates on the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft tissue tumors: liposarcoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 155:1–24 (2004).
369.
Sandberg AA: Updates on the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft tissue tumors: leiomyoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 158:1–26 (2005).
370.
Sandberg AA, Bridge JA: Updates on the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft tissue tumors: Synovial sarcoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 133:1–23 (2002a).
371.
Sandberg AA, Bridge JA: Updates on the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft tissue tumors: congenital (infantile) fibrosarcoma and mesoblastic nephroma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 132:1–13 (2002b).
372.
Sandberg AA, Bridge JA: Updates on the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft tissue tumors: gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 135:1–22 (2002c).
373.
Sandberg AA, Bridge JA: Updates on the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft tissue tumors: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and giant cell fibroblastoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 140:1–12 (2003a).
374.
Sandberg AA, Bridge JA: Updates on the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft tissue tumors: chondrosarcoma and other cartilaginous neoplasms. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 143:1–31 (2003b).
375.
Sandberg AA, Bridge JA: Updates on the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft tissue tumors: osteosarcoma and related tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 145:1–30 (2003c).
376.
Sandberg AA, Ishihara T, Crosswhite LH, Hauschka TS: Chromosomal dichotomy in blood and marrow of acute leukemia. Cancer Res 22:748–756 (1962).
377.
Sankary S, Sherwin RN, Malone PS, Janecka I, Barnes L, et al: Clonal chromosomal aberrations in a leiomyosarcoma of the sinonasal tract. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 65:21–26 (1993).
378.
Satge D, Moore SW, Stiller CA, Niggli FK, Pritchard-Jones K, et al: Abnormal constitutional karyotypes in patients with neuroblastoma: a report of four new cases and review of 47 others in the literature. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 147:89–98 (2003).
379.
Sato Y, Suto Y, Pietenpol J, Golub TR, Gilliland DG, et al: TEL and KIP1 define the smallest region of deletions on 12p13 in hematopoietic malignancies. Blood 86:1525–1533 (1995).
380.
Sawyer JR, Thomas EL, Roloson GJ, Chadduck WM, Boop FA: Telomeric associations evolving to ring chromosomes in recurrent pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 60:152–157 (1992).
381.
Sawyer JR, Sammartino G, Husain M, Lewis JM, Anderson B, Boop FA: Ring chromosome 12 resulting from non-random telomeric associations with the short arm of chromosome 15 in a cerebellar astrocytoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 8:69–73 (1993).
382.
Sawyer JR, Waldron JA, Jagannath S, Barlogie B: Cytogenetic findings in 200 patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 82:41–49 (1995).
383.
Sawyer JR, Roloson GJ, Bell JM, Thomas JR, Teo C, Chadduck WM: Telomeric associations in the progression of chromosome aberrations in pediatric solid tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 90:1–13 (1996).
384.
Sawyer JR, Swanson CM, Lukacs JL, Nicholas RW, North PE, Thomas JR: Evidence of an association between 6q13–21 chromosome aberrations and locally aggressive behavior in patients with cartilage tumors. Cancer 82:474–483 (1998).
385.
Sawyer JR, Husain M, Pravdenkova S, Krisht A, Al-Mefty O: A role for telomeric and centromeric instability in the progression of chromosome aberrations in meningioma patients. Cancer 88:440–453 (2000).
386.
Sawyer JR, Husain M, Lukacs JL, Stangeby C, Lichti Binz R, Al-Mefty O: Telomeric fusion as a mechanism for the loss of 1p in meningioma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 145:38–48 (2003).
387.
Sawyer JR, Goosen LS, Lichti Binz R, Swanson CM, Nicholas RW: Evidence for telomeric fusion as a mechanism for recurring structural aberrations of chromosome 11 in giant cell tumor of bone. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 159:32–36 (2005).
388.
Schlegelberger B, Weber-Matthiesen K, Sterry W, Bartels H, Sonnen R, et al: Combined immunophenotyping and karyotyping in peripheral T cell lymphomas demonstrating different clonal and nonclonal chromosome aberrations in T helper cells. Leuk Lymph 15:113–125 (1994).
389.
Schneider NR, Carroll AJ, Shuster JJ, Pullen DJ, Link MP, et al: New recurring cytogenetic abnormalities and association of blast cell karyotypes with prognosis in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group report of 343 cases. Blood 96:2543–2549 (2000).
390.
Schoch C, Haferlach T, Bursch S, Gerstner D, Schnittger S, et al: Loss of genetic material is more common than gain in acute myeloid leukemia with complex aberrant karyotype: a detailed analysis of 125 cases using conventional chromosome analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization including 24-color FISH. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 35:20–29 (2002).
391.
Schwartz HS, Butler MG, Jenkins RB, Miller DA, Moses HL: Telomeric associations and consistent growth factor overexpression detected in giant cell tumor of bone. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 56:263–276 (1991).
392.
Sessarego M, Fugazza G, Gobbi M, Bruzzne R, Bisio R, et al: Complex structural involvement of chromosome 7 in primary myelodysplastic syndromes determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 106:110–115 (1998).
393.
Sessler R, Ruther U, Bokemeyer C, Rassweiler J, Schoch C, et al: Non-lymphocytic leukaemia following chemotherapy of a germ cell tumour. Br J Urol 79:140–141 (1997).
394.
Shadan FF, Mascarello JT, Newbury RO, Dennis T, Spallone P, Stock AD: Supernumerary ring chromosomes derived from the long arm of chromosome 12 as the primary cytogenetic anomaly in rare soft tissue chondroma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 118:144–147 (2000).
395.
Shi G, Weh HJ, Hossfeld DK: Identification of some marker chromosomes in acute leukemias by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Hematol Oncol 11:81–87 (1993).
396.
Shiraishi Y, Taguchi H, Niiya K, Shiomi F, Kikukawa K, et al: Diagnostic and prognostic significance of chromosome abnormalities in marrow and mitogen response of lymphocytes of acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 5:1–24 (1982).
397.
Simon MP, Pedetour F, Sirvent N, Grosgeorge J, Minoletti F, et al: Deregulation of the platelet-derived growth factor B-chain gene via fusion with collagen gene COL1A1 in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and giant-cell fibroblastoma. Nat Genet 15:95–98 (1997).
398.
Singh AD, Boghosian-Sell L, Wary KK, Shields CL, De Potter P, et al: Cytogenetic findings in primary uveal melanoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 72:109–115 (1994).
399.
Sirvent N, Forus A, Lescaut W, Burel F, Berzaken S, et al: Characterization of centromere alterations in liposarcomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 29:117–129 (2000).
400.
Sirvent N, Maire G, Pedetour F: Genetics of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans family of tumors: from ring chromosomes to tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 37:1–19 (2003).
401.
Slee PHTJ, van Everdingen JJE, Geraedts JOM, te Velde J, den Ottolander GJ: Familial myeloproliferative disease. Acta Med Scand 210:321–327 (1981).
402.
Smadja N, Krulik M, de Gramont A, Gonzalez-Canali G, Audebert AA, Debray J: Refractory anemia with excess of blast in transformation. Clinical, hematologic, and cytogenetic findings in nine patients. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 42:55–65 (1989).
403.
Smadja NV, Grange MJ: A der(22)t(9;22)(p13;q11) in bone marrow cells of a patient with multiple myeloma: a variant of the t(9;14)(p13;q32) associated with a subset of lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 103:78–80 (1998).
404.
Smadja NV, Bastard C, Bigaudeau C, Leroux D, Fruchart C: Hypodiploidy is a major prognostic factor in multiple myeloma. Blood 98:2229–2238 (2001).
405.
Smolarek TA, Blough RI, Foster RS, Ulbright TM, Palmer CG, Heerema NA: Cytogenetic analyses of 85 testicular germ cell tumors: comparison of postchemotherapy and untreated tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 108:57–69 (1999).
406.
Soekarman D, von Lindern M, van der Plas DC, Selleri L: Bartretic studies in 112 cases of untreated myelodysplastic syndromes. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 64:12–20 (1992).
407.
Soenen V, Preudhomme C, Roumier C, Daudignon A, Lai JL, Fenaux P: 17p deletion in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Analysis of breakpoints and deleted segments by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Blood 91:1008–1015 (1998).
408.
Solé F, Prieto F, Badia L, Woessner S, Florensa L, et al: Cytogenetic studies in 112 cases of untreated myelodysplastic syndromes. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 64:12–20 (1992).
409.
Speaks SL, Sanger WG, Masih AS, Harrington DS, Hess M, Armitage JO: Recurrent abnormalities of chromosome bands 10q23–25 in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 5:239–243 (1992).
410.
Spriggs AI, Cowdell RH: Ring chromosomes in carcinoma in situ of the cervix as evidence of clonal growth. J Obstet Gynecol Br Commonw 79:833–840 (1972).
411.
Sreekantaiah C, Sandberg AA: Ring (13)(p11;q34) as the sole abnormality in a leiomyosarcoma of the small bowel. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 54:115–118 (1991).
412.
Stamberg J: Chromosome abnormalities in erythroleukemia. Cancer 60:2649–2653 (1987).
413.
Starke H, Raida M, Trifonov V, Clement JH, Loncarevic IF, et al: Molecular cytogenetic characterization of an acquired minute supernumerary marker chromosome as the sole abnormality in a case clinically diagnosed as atypical Philadelphia-negative chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Brit J Haematol 113:435–438 (2001).
414.
Stenman G, Andersson H, Meis-Kindblom JM, Röijer E, Kindblom LG: FISH analysis of supernumerary ring chromosomes in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Int J Oncol 6:81–86 (1995).
415.
Stern R, Widirstky ST, Wurster-Hill DH, Allen RD, Smith KA, et al: Hand-mirror cell leukemia associated with mental retardation: immunologic, chromosome, and morphologic studies. Blood 54:703–712 (1979).
416.
Storlazzi CT, Mertens F, Domanski H, Fletcher CDM, Wiegant J, Mandahl N: Ring chromosomes and low-grade gene amplification in an atypical lipomatous tumor with minimal nuclear atypia. Int J Oncol 23:67–71 (2003).
417.
Strehl S, König M, Mann G, Haas OA: Multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction screening in childhood acute myeloblastic leukemia. Blood 97:805–808 (2001).
418.
Streubel B, Sauerland C, Heil G, Freund M, Bartels H, et al: Correlation of cytogenetic, molecular cytogenetic, and clinical findings in 59 patients with ANLL or MDS and abnormalities of the short arm of chromosome 12. Br J Haematol 100:521–533 (1998).
419.
Streubel B, Valent P, Jäger U, Edelhäuser M, Wandt H, et al: Amplification of the MLL gene on double minutes, a homogenously staining region, and ring chromosomes in five patients with acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 27:380–386 (2000).
420.
Streubel B, Valent P, Lechner K, Fonatsch C: Amplification of the AML1 (CBFA2) gene on ring chromosomes in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia and a constitutional ring chromosome 21. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 124:42–46 (2001).
421.
Su LD, Atayde-Perez A, Sheldon S, Fletcher JA, Weiss SW: Inflammatory myelofibroblastic tumor: cytogenetic evidence supporting clonal origin. Mod Pathol 11:364–368 (1998).
422.
Swansbury GJ, Feary SW, Clink H, Lawlwer SD: Cytogenetics of acute promyelocytic leukaemia: incidence of t(15;17) at the Royal Marsden Hospital, London. Leuk Res 9:271–278 (1985).
423.
Szuhai K, Ijszenga M, Tanke HJ, Taminiau AH, van Duinen SG, et al: Detection and molecular cytogenetic characterization of a novel ring chromosome in a histological variant of Ewing sarcoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 172:12–22 (2007).
424.
Szymanska J, Tarkkanen M, Wiklund T, Virolainen M, Blomqvist C, et al: A cytogenetic study of malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 85:91–96 (1995).
425.
Szymanska J, Mandahl N, Mertens F, Tarkkanen M, Karaharju E, Knuutila S: Ring chromosomes in parosteal osteosarcoma contain sequences from 12q13–15: a combined cytogenetic and comparative genomic hybridization study. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 16:31–34 (1996).
426.
Tamaska J, Adam E, Kozma A, Gopcsa L, Andrikovics H, et al: Hepatosplenic gammadelta T-cell lymphoma with ring chromosome 7, an isochromosome 7q equivalent clonal chromosomal aberration. Virchows Arch 449:479–483 (2006).
427.
Tanaka K, Eguchi M, Eguchi-Ishimae M, Hasegawa A, Ohgami A, et al: Restricted chromosome breakpoint sites on 11q22-q23.1 and 11q25 in various hematological malignancies without MLL/ALL-1 gene rearrangement. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 124:27–35 (2001).
428.
Taylor AM, Butterworth SV: Clonal evolution of T-cell lymphocytic leukaemia in a patient with ataxia telangiectasia. Int J Cancer 37:511–516 (1986).
429.
Teixeira MR, Micci F, Dietrich CU, Heim S: Cross-species color banding characterization of chromosomal rearrangements in leukemias with incomplete G-band karyotypes. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 26:13–19 (1999).
430.
Temperani P, Savin E, Aloesio R, Forabosco A: Ring chromosome in a patient with MEN IIA S. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 37:23–27 (1989).
431.
Terre C, France Intergroupe pour la Leucemie myeloide chronique (FILMC): Report of 34 patients with clonal chromosomal abnormalities in Philadelphia-negative cells during imatinib treatment of Philadelphia-positive chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 18:1340–1346 (2004).
432.
Testa JR, Mintz U, Rowley JD, Vardiman JW, Golomb HM: Evolution of karyotypes in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Res 39:3619–3627 (1979).
433.
Testa JR, Misawa S, Oguma N, Van Sloten K, Wiernik PH: Chromosomal alterations in acute leukemia patients studied with improved culture methods. Cancer Res 45:430–434 (1985).
434.
Thompson FH, Liu Y, Emerson J, Weinstein R, Makar R, et al: Simple numeric abnormalities as primary karyotype changes in ovarian carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 10:262–266 (1994).
435.
Tiainen M, Tammilehto L, Mattson K, Knuutila S: Nonrandom chromosomal abnormalities in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 33:251–274 (1988).
436.
Tien HF, Chuang SM, Wang CH, Lee FY, Chien SH, et al: Chromosomal characteristics of Ph-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia in transformation. A study of 23 Chinese patients in Taiwan. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 39:89–97 (1989).
437.
Tien HF, Wang CH, Chuang SM, Chow JM, Lee FY, et al: Cytogenetic studies, ras mutation, and clinical characteristics in primary myelodysplastic syndrome. A study on 68 Chinese patients in Taiwan. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 74:40–49 (1994).
438.
Tommerup N, Lothe R: Constitutional ring chromosomes and tumor suppressor genes. J Med Genet 29:879–882 (1992).
439.
Tommerup N, Warburg M, Gieselmann V, Hansen BR, Koch J, Petersen GB: Ring chromosome 22 and neurofibromatosis. Clin Genet 42:171–177 (1992).
440.
Trent JM, Durie BGM, Davis JR, Veomett I: Cytogenetic and clinical assessment of six patients with erythroleukemia. Anticancer Res 3:111–116 (1983).
441.
Truss L, Dobin SM, Rao A, Donner LR: Overexpression of the BCL2 gene in a Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor of the ovary: a pathologic and cytogenetic study. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 148:118–122 (2004).
442.
Tsarouha H, Pandis N, Bardi G, Teixeira MR, Andersen JA, Heim S: Karyotypic evolution in breast carcinomas with i(1)(q10) and der(1:16) (q10p10) as the primary chromosome abnormality. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 113:156–161 (1999).
443.
Tsilchorozidou T, Menko FH, Lalloo F, Kidd A, De Silva R, et al: Constitutional rearrangements of chromosome 22 as a cause of neurofibromatosis 2. J Med Genet 41:529–534 (2004).
444.
Uckun FM, Sensel MG, Sather HN, Gaynon PS, Arthur DC, et al: Clinical significance of translocation t(1;19) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the context of contemporary therapies: a report from the Childrens Cancer Group. J Clon Oncol 16:527–535 (1998).
445.
Van den Berghe I, Debiec-Rychter M, Proot L, Hagemeijer A, Michielssen P: Ring chromosome 6 may represent a cytogenetic subgroup in benign thymoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 137:75–77 (2002).
446.
van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Wiemer EAC, de Boevere MJ, Slater RM, Smit EME, et al: MDR1 expression in poor-risk acute myeloid leukemia with partial or complete monosomy 7. Leukemia 15:398–405 (2001).
447.
van Dyke DL, Worsham MJ, Benninger MS, Krause CJ, Baker SR, et al: Recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 9:102–206 (1994).
448.
Van Limbergen H, Poppe B, Michaux L, Herens C, Brown J, et al: Identification of cytogenetic subclasses and recurring chromosomal aberrations in AML and MDS with complex karyotypes using M-FISH. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 33:60–72 (2002).
449.
Van Zelderen-Bhola SL, Bovee JV, Wessels HW, Mollevanger P, Nijhuis JV, et al: Ring chromosome 4 as the sole cytogenetic anomaly in a chondroblastoma: a case report and review of the literature. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 105:109–112 (1998).
450.
Vanni R, Nieddu M, Paoli R, Lecca R: Uterine leiomyoma cytogenetics. I. Rearrangements of chromosome 12. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 37:49–54 (1989).
451.
Vanni R, Lecca U, Faa G: Uterine leiomyoma cytogenetics. II. Report of forty cases. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 53:247–256 (1991).
452.
Vanni R, Fletcher CDM, Sciot R, Dal Cin P, De Wever I, et al: Cytogenetic evidence of clonality in cutaneous benign fibrous histiocytomas: a report of the CHAMP Study Group. Histopathol 37:212–217 (2000).
453.
Varsa EW, McConnell TS, Dressler LG, Duncan M: Atypical congenital mesoblastic nephroma. Report of a case with karyotypic and flow cytometric analysis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 113:1078–1080 (1989).
454.
Veldman T, Vignon C, Schröck E, Rowley JD, Ried T: Hidden chromosome abnormalities in haematological malignancies detected by multicolour spectral karyotyping. Nat Genet 15:406–410 (1997).
455.
Velloso ERP, Michaux L, Ferrant A, Hernandez JM, Meeus P, et al: Deletions of the long arm of chromosome 7 in myeloid disorders: loss of band 7q32 implies worst prognosis. Brit J Haematol 92:574–581 (1996).
456.
Viaggi A, Abbondandolo A, Carbone M, Ottaggio L, Sessarego M, et al: Uncommon cytogenetic findings in a case of splenic marginal zone lymphoma with aggressive clinical course. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 148:133–136 (2004).
457.
Vicari L, Sebastio L, Stanziola MC, Fasanaro A, Ferrara F: Trisomy 4 and ring chromosome in a patient with acute myelomonocytic leukaemia. Haematologica 79:83–85 (1994).
458.
Viguie F, Prigent Y, Ramond S, Baumelou E, Cadiou M, et al: Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of minute marker chromosomes in leukemia with monosomy 7. Leukemia 9:1154–1158 (1995).
459.
Vollenweider Roten S, Delozier-Blanchet CD, Masouye I, Saurat JH: Melanoma associated with ring chromosome 7. Dermatology 186:138–143 (1993).
460.
Voullaire LE, Petrovic V, Sheffield LJ, Campbell P: Two forms of ring 13 in a child with rhabdomyosarcoma. Am J Med Genet 39:285–287 (1991).
461.
Waghray M, Rowley JD, Reddy PP, Reddy SV: A cytogenetic study of children in India with acute lymphocytic leukemia: correlation with clinical data. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 23:225–237 (1986).
462.
Wang P, Spielberger RT, Thangavelu M, Zhao N, Davis EM, et al: dic(5;17): A recurring abnormality in malignant myeloid disorders associated with mutations of TP53. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 20:282–291 (1997).
463.
Wang-Wuu S, Soukup S, Bove K, Gotwals B, Lampkin B: Chromosome analysis of 31 Wilms tumors. Cancer Res 50:2786–2793 (1990).
464.
Wanschura S, Belge G, Stenman G, Kools P, Dal Cin P, et al: Mapping of the translocation breakpoints of primary pleomorphic adenomas and lipomas within a common region of chromosome 12. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 86:39–45 (1996).
465.
Welborn J: Constitutional chromosome aberrations as pathogenetic event in hematologic malignancies. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 149:137–153 (2004).
466.
Werner M, Rieck J, Delling G: Zytogenetische Veränderungen in gering-gradigen zentralen Osteosarkomen. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 82:189–194 (1998).
467.
Werner-Favre C, Beris P, Piguet D, Engel E: Ring chromosomes and hematologic disorders. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 23:265–267 (1986).
468.
Wernicke C, Thiel G, Lozanova T, Vogel S, Kintzel D, et al: Involvement of chromosome 22 in ependymomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 79:173–176 (1995).
469.
Whang-Peng J, Lee EC, Kao-Shan CS, Schechter G: Ring chromosome in a case of myelomonocytic leukemia: its significance and a review of the literature. Hematol Pathol 1:57–65 (1987).
470.
Whang-Peng J, Knutsen T, Jaffe ES, Steinberg SM, Raffeld M, et al: Sequential analysis of 43 patients with Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: clinical correlation with cytogenetic, histologic, immunophenotyping and molecular studies. Blood 85:203–216 (1995).
471.
Wieser R, Volz AS, Schnittger S, Jäger U, Grüner H, et al: Mapping of leukaemia-associated breakpoints in chromosome band 3q21 using a newly established PAC contig. Br J Haematol 110:343–350 (2000).
472.
Wiktor A, Van Dyke DL, Weiss L: Characterization of a de novo 48,XX,+r(X),+r(17) by in situ hybridization in a patient with neurofibromatosis (NF1). Am J Med Genet 45:22–24 (1993).
473.
Willem P, Mendelow B: 12p rearrangement and DNA amplification mapped by comparative genomic hybridization in a patient with secondary myeloid leukaemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 99:30–37 (1997).
474.
Wlodarska I, Meeus P, Stul M, Thienpont L, Wouters E, et al: Variant t(2;11)(p11;q13) associated with the IgK-CCND1 rearrangement is a recurrent translocation in leukemic small-cell B-non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Leukemia 18:1705–1710 (2004).
475.
Wunder JS, Eppert K, Burrow SR, Gogkoz N, Bell RS, Andrulis IL: Co-amplification and overexpression of CDK4, SAS, and MDM2 occurs frequently in human parosteal osteosarcomas. Oncogene 18:783–788 (1999).
476.
Xue Y, Lu D, Guo Y, Lin B: Specific chromosomal translocations and therapy-related leukemia induced by bimolane therapy for psoriasis. Leuk Res 16:1113–1123 (1992).
477.
Yamada K, Kasama M, Kondo T, Shinoura N, Yoshioka M: Chromosome studies in 70 brain tumors with special attention to sex chromosome loss and single autosomal trisomy. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 73:46–52 (1994).
478.
Yan J, Zhang XX, Fetni R, Drottin R: Trisomy 8 and monosomy 7 detected in bone marrow using primed in situ labeling, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and conventional cytogenetic analyses. A study of 54 cases with haematological disorders. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 125:30–40 (2001).
479.
Yan J, Whittom R, Delage R, Drouin R: A unique clone involving multiple structural chromosome rearrangements in a myelodysplastic syndrome case. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 140:138–144 (2003).
480.
Yang-Feng TL, Li S, Leung WY, Carcangiu ML, Schwartz PE: Trisomy 12 and K-ras-2 amplification in human ovarian tumors. Int J Cancer 48:678–681 (1991).
481.
Yip MY, Sharma P, Mansberg R, Lam-Po-Tang PRL: Ring chromosomes in hypodiploid and hypotetraploid clones from an elderly patient with plasma cell leukemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 47:47–53 (1990).
482.
Yunis JJ: Comparative analysis of high-resolution chromosome techniques for leukemic bone marrows. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 7:43–50 (1982).
483.
Zambrano E, Nose V, Perez-Atayde AR, Gebhardt M, Hresko MT, et al: Distinct chromosomal rearrangements in subungual (Dupuytren) exostosis and bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation (Nora lesion). Am J Surg Pathol 28:1033–1039 (2004).
484.
Zatkova A, Ullmann R, Rouillard JM, Lamb BJ, Kuick R, et al: Distinct sequences on 11q13.5 and 11q23–24 are frequently coamplified with MLL in complexly organized 11q amplicons in AML/MDS patients. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 39:263–276 (2004).
485.
Zhao L, van Oort J, Cork A, Liang JC: Comparison between interphase and metaphase cytogenetics in detecting chromosome 7 defects in haematological neoplasias. Am J Hematol 43:205–211 (1993).
486.
Zitzelsberger H, O’Brien B, Weier HU: Multicolor FISH techniques for the detection of inter- and intrachromosomal rearrangements, in Rautenstrauβ BW, Liehr T (eds): FISH Technology, pp 408–424 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 2002).
487.
Zver S, Vokac NK, Zagradisnik B, Erjavec A, Zagorac A, et al: T cell prolymphocytic leukemia with new chromosome rearrangements. Acta Haematol 111:168–170 (2004).
© 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel
2008
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.
