Pathophysiology of the Cardiorenal Syndromes: Executive Summary from the Eleventh Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI)

McCullough, Peter A.; Kellum, John A.; Haase, Michael; Müller, Christian; Damman, Kevin; Murray, Patrick T.; Cruz, Dinna; House, Andrew A.; Schmidt-Ott, Kai M.; Vescovo, Giorgio; Bagshaw, Sean M.; Hoste, Eric A.; Briguori, Carlos; Braam, Branko; Chawla, Lakhmir S.; Costanzo, Maria R.; Tumlin, James A.; Herzog, Charles A.; Mehta, Ravindra L.; Rabb, Hamid; Shaw, Andrew D.; Singbartl, Kai; Ronco, Claudio; for the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Consensus Group

doi:10.1159/000361059

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Meeting Reports/Abstracts| July 31 2014

Pathophysiology of the Cardiorenal Syndromes: Executive Summary from the Eleventh Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI)

Subject Area: Nephrology

Peter A. McCullough

0000-0002-0997-6355

;

Peter A. McCullough

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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John A. Kellum;

John A. Kellum

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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Michael Haase;

Michael Haase

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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Christian Müller;

Christian Müller

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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Kevin Damman;

Kevin Damman

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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Patrick T. Murray

0000-0001-8516-1839

;

Patrick T. Murray

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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Dinna Cruz;

Dinna Cruz

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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Andrew A. House;

Andrew A. House

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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Kai M. Schmidt-Ott;

Kai M. Schmidt-Ott

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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Giorgio Vescovo;

Giorgio Vescovo

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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Sean M. Bagshaw;

Sean M. Bagshaw

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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Eric A. Hoste;

Eric A. Hoste

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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Carlos Briguori;

Carlos Briguori

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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Branko Braam;

Branko Braam

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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Lakhmir S. Chawla;

Lakhmir S. Chawla

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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Maria R. Costanzo;

Maria R. Costanzo

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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James A. Tumlin;

James A. Tumlin

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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Charles A. Herzog;

Charles A. Herzog

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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Ravindra L. Mehta;

Ravindra L. Mehta

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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Hamid Rabb;

Hamid Rabb

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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Andrew D. Shaw;

Andrew D. Shaw

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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Kai Singbartl;

Kai Singbartl

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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Claudio Ronco;

Claudio Ronco

aBaylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Tex., The Heart Hospital, Plano, Tex., and bClinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; cDepartment of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; dUniversity Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; eDepartment of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; fSchool of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; gDepartment of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; hSchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, London, Ont., Canada; iExperimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; jDepartment of Internal Medicine, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy; kDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; lDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium; mDepartment of Cardiology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy; nDepartment of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alta., Canada; oDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., pMidwest Heart Foundation, Edward Heart Hospital, Naperville, Ill., qDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tenn., rHennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minn., sDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., tNephrology Division, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., uDepartment of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., and vDepartment of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA; wDepartment of Nephrology, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

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for the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Consensus Group

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Blood Purif (2014) 37 (Suppl. 2): 2–13.

https://doi.org/10.1159/000361059

Abstract

Cardiorenal syndromes (CRS) have been recently classified into five distinct entities, each with different major pathophysiologic mechanisms. CRS type 1 most commonly occurs in the setting of acutely decompensated heart failure where approximately 25% of patients develop a rise in serum creatinine and a reduction of urine output after the first several doses of intravenous diuretics. Altered cardiac and renal hemodynamics are believed to be the most important determinants of CRS type 1. CRS type 2 is the hastened progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the setting of chronic heart failure. Accelerated renal cell apoptosis and replacement fibrosis is considered to be the dominant mechanism. CRS type 3 is acutely decompensated heart failure after acute kidney injury from inflammatory, toxic, or ischemic insults. This syndrome is precipitated by salt and water overload, acute uremic myocyte dysfunction, and neurohormonal dysregulation. CRS type 4 is manifested by the acceleration of the progression of chronic heart failure in the setting of CKD. Cardiac myocyte dysfunction and fibrosis, so-called ‘CKD cardiomyopathy', is believed to be the predominant pathophysiologic mechanism. Type 5 CRS is simultaneous acute cardiac and renal injury in the setting of an overwhelming systemic insult such as sepsis. In this scenario, the predominant pathophysiological disturbance is microcirculatory dysfunction as a result of acutely abnormal immune cell signaling, catecholamine cellular toxicity, and enzymatic activation which result in simultaneous organ injury often extending beyond both the heart and the kidneys. This paper will summarize these and other key findings from an international consensus conference on the spectrum of pathophysiologic mechanisms at work in the CRS.

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Pathophysiology of the Cardiorenal Syndromes: Executive Summary from the Eleventh Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI)

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Pathophysiology of the Cardiorenal Syndromes: Executive Summary from the Eleventh Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI)

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