The relentless increase in healthcare costs and the global economic crisis require us to rethink the way research is done. The heterogeneity of patients is a major challenge in designing and coordinating high-quality studies about sepsis. Studies on new treatments and devices, such as polymyxin B hemoperfusion, must be optimized not only for potential benefits for a specific population (i.e. efficacy), but also for their eventual implementation in real-world situations (i.e. effectiveness) and for economic costs (i.e. efficiency). In this regard, theragnosis and newer statistical tools could help us obtain useful information from real-life observational data. In this review, we discuss the basic components required for sustainable research in polymyxin B hemoperfusion.

1.
Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky MR: Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med 2001;29:1303-1310.
2.
Rubulotta FM, Ramsay G, Parker MM, Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Poeze M, et al: An international survey: public awareness and perception of sepsis. Crit Care Med 2009;37:167-170.
3.
Haynes RB: What kind of evidence is it that evidence-based medicine advocates want health care providers and consumers to pay attention to? BMC Health Serv Res 2002;2:3.
4.
Sackett DL, Rosenberg WM, Gray JA, Haynes RB, Richardson WS: Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. BMJ 1996;312:71-72.
5.
Concato J, Shah N, Horwitz RI: Randomized, controlled trials, observational studies, and the hierarchy of research designs. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1887-1892.
6.
Lauer MS, D'Agostino RB: The Randomized Registry Trial - the next disruptive technology in clinical research? N Engl J Med 2013;369:1579-1581.
7.
Cinel I, Opal SM: Molecular biology of inflammation and sepsis: a primer. Crit Care Med 2009;37:291-304.
8.
Neter E, Gorzynski EA, Westphal O, Luderitz O: The effects of antibiotics on enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins), hemagglutination and hemolysis. J Immunol 1958;80:66-72.
9.
Cohen J, Aslam M, Pusey CD, Ryan CJ: Protection from endotoxemia: a rat model of plasmapheresis and specific adsorption with polymyxin B. J Infect Dis 1987;155:690-695.
10.
Bello G, Di Muzio F, Antonelli M: Endotoxin filtration in Gram-negative sepsis. Clin Pulm Med 2013;20:137-143.
11.
Cruz DN, Antonelli M, Fumagalli R, Foltran F, Brienza N, Donati A, et al: Early use of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in abdominal septic shock: the EUPHAS randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;301:2445-2452.
12.
ClinicalTrials.gov: Safety and efficacy of polymyxin B hemoperfusion (PMX) for septic shock (EUPHRATES). http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01046669 (accessed September 23, 2013).
13.
Cruz DN, Perazella MA, Bellomo R, de Cal M, Polanco N, Corradi V, et al: Effectiveness of polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column in sepsis: a systematic review. Crit Care 2007;11:R47.
14.
MacMahon S, Collins R: Reliable assessment of the effects of treatment on mortality and major morbidity. II. Observational studies. Lancet 2001;357:455-462.
15.
Ferrer R, Artigas A, Suarez D, Palencia E, Levy MM, Arenzana A, et al: Effectiveness of treatments for severe sepsis: a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Am J Resp Crit Care 2009;180:861-866.
16.
EUPHAS 2. http://www.euphas2.eu (accessed September 23, 2013).
17.
Berto P, Ronco C, Cruz D, Melotti RM, Antonelli M: Cost-effectiveness analysis of polymyxin-B immobilized fiber column and conventional medical therapy in the management of abdominal septic shock in Italy. Blood Purif 2011;32:331-340.
18.
Esteban E, Ferrer R, Alsina L, Artigas A: Immunomodulation in sepsis: the role of endotoxin removal by polymyxin B-immobilized cartridge. Mediators Inflamm 2013;2013:507539.
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.