... SPF and UVA-PF testing, a huge number of sunscreens (250 samples) were measured by HDRS and compared with the worldwide accepted standards ISO 24444, ISO 24442, and ISO 24443. The variety of sunscreens measured reflect a wide range of different types of formulations as well as a wide range of SPFs (5...

... Abstract Effective skin protection of consumers by sunscreens can only be achieved when meaningful and reliable test methods are available to objectively measure the protection of sunscreen products. Quantitative, scientifically sound, and valid methods to detect UVB and UVA light protection...

... to be largely presumptive in skin cancer prevention. Contemporary science establishes UVA as a primary driver of melanoma and photoaging. Consequentially, the traditional UVB-skewed protection of sunscreens provides an intellectual and logical explanation for rising skin cancer rates and, in particular...

... and tanning effect (UVA rays 315–400 nm as defined at the time) must not be excluded from absorption!” It was also mirrored in a popular Coppertone product promotion emphasizing the “tanning without sunburn.” With the introduction of sun protection products, the necessity to quantify the protection...

... Abstract Sunlight comprises radiation of different wavelengths, of which UVA and UVB are most important with respect to human skin diseases. Next to erythema, edema, and sunburns, UV radiation causes skin cancer. UV radiation of any wavelength is now considered as a class I carcinogen to humans...

... Abstract Corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) is usually practiced on keratoconic corneas to strengthen the corneal biomechanical structure. The conventional CXL procedure, with riboflavin and ultraviolet A (UVA), initially involves corneal de-epithelialization to allow riboflavin penetration...

.... This paper outlines a development strategy for ­formulating sunscreens along a generic professional development pathway. Each galenic system will be different and must be customized. Development starts with benchmarking, followed by UVA/UVB filter platform selection and in silico calculation/optimization...

... (Fig.  1 [ 2 ]) comprises around 5% of irradiance in the UV range, 50% in the visible range, and 45% in the IR range at sea level [ 3 ]. Solar UV radiation at the surface of the Earth is composed of ~5% short-wavelength UVB rays (280–315 nm) and ~95% long-wavelength UVA rays (315–400 nm), while UVC...

... These include the ISO Standards 24442 [ 8 ] and 24443 [ 9 ] covering UVA protection and the ISO Standards 16217 [ 10 ] and 18861 [ 11 ] for water resistance. Whilst some of these claims are mandatory, such as for UVA protection factor (UVAPF), the existence of an official standard has resulted in more creative...

.... Recommendation on the efficacy of sunscreen products and the claims made relating thereto. J Eur Union. 2006;245:39–43. 10. Boots UK Limited. Measurement of UVA: UVB Ratios According to the Boots Star Rating System. Boots UK limited, editors. Boots, Nottingham, UK; 2008. 11. Svarc F. A brief illustrated...

... spectrum is subdivided into three regions: UVA, UVB and UVC. The notion to divide the UV spectrum into different wavebands was first put forward at the Second International Congress on Light held in Copenhagen during August 1932. It was recommended that three spectral regions be defined as follows...

... Abstract A variety of topical and systemic drugs can induce cutaneous photosensitive reactions. These drugs and their metabolites accumulate in the skin and increase photosensitivity of the skin typically in the UVA spectrum of light. Concerning the underlying biochemical mechanisms...

... and classification; AS/NZS 2604. 2012. 4. ISO 24442 Cosmetics: sun protection test methods: in vivo determination of sunscreen UVA protection. 2012. 5. Diffey BL, Robson J. A new substrate to measure sunscreen protection factor throughout the ultraviolet spectrum. J Soc Cosmet Chem . 1989;40:127–33. 6...

... have exponential increases in CMM. From this analyzed data and published data in the literature, the major risk factors of CMM appear to be light hair color, especially red and white hair (reactive oxygen species and UVA; 320–400 nm), low cutaneous vitamin D 3 levels, and HPV after 1960, while...

... sophisticated UV delivery devices able to control wavelength and dosage did not exist until the 20th century [ 1, 2 ]. Experiments with PUVA (psoralen + UVA) in 1974 and broadband (BB) UVB throughout the 20th century found UV phototherapy to be effective treatments for psoriasis and associated itch [ 3...

... to play a pivotal role at each of these steps, and therefore, signs of photodamage point to the development of skin cancer. DNA Damage Induced by Ultraviolet Radiation Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is categorised into three wavebands: UVA (320-400 nm), UVB (290-320 nm) and UVC (<290 nm). UVC...

... Abstract It is well known that furocumarins produce a photoaddition compound with DNA, RNA, and certain kinds of amino acids upon exposure to long-wave ultraviolet light (UVA). It is also well known that both psoralens and psoralen photoconjugated compounds are fluorescent.After 8...

.... International Organization for Standardization. Standard 24442:2012. Cosmetics: sun protection test methods – In vivo determination of sunscreen UVA protection. 23. Cosmetics Europe: guidelines for evaluating sun product water resistance. 2005. Available from: https://www.cosmeticseurope.eu/files/7914/6407...