... Abstract Testosterone deficiency is highly prevalent in men with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is associated with an increased mortality. Low testosterone also has an adverse effect on several cardiovascular risk factors, which include insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, central...

... Abstract Hypogonadism in males is a clinical syndrome complex which comprises symptoms with or without signs as well as biochemical evidence of testosterone deficiency. The diagnosis of hypogonadism thus includes both clinical history and examination as well as biochemical assessment of serum...

... Abstract Plasma testosterone concentrations in men, first quantified nearly half a century ago, are now measured routinely as a primary index of androgen status. Most clinical laboratories employ a multichannel, fully automated analyzer. Current evidence suggests that these analyzers...

... Abstract The major goal of androgen substitution is to replace testosterone at levels as close to physiological concentrations as is possible. The mainstay of testosterone susbstitution are parenteral testosterone esters (enanthate and cypionate) to be administered every 2-3 weeks. A major...

... Abstract Testosterone levels are reduced in obesity, the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Low testosterone levels are now being recognised as an independent risk factors for these conditions. Findings from men undergoing androgen suppression as treatment for prostate cancer confirm...

... to the assumption that testosterone may exert a detrimental influence on the cardiovascular system. Despite this, coronary atherosclerosis increases with age, whilst a marked fall in serum bioavailable testosterone levels is observed. Similarly, low testosterone levels are also associated with other cardiovascular...

... Abstract A definitive role of testosterone in erectile function has been controversial; however, recent evidence is becoming available which substantiates a key function for this hormone. Testosterone deficiency is associated with a decline in erectile function and testosterone levels...

... review the effects of testosterone replacement in hypogonadism and explore other options for the treatment of osteoporosis secondary to loss of sex steroids in men. ...

... and the potential for prevention and treatment are beginning to be explored. Frailty is multifactorial with aging, comorbidity, sarcopenia, and endocrine immune dysfunction contributing to the condition. Falling testosterone levels with advancing age are associated with muscle loss (sarcopenia) and strength. Among...

... Abstract Low testosterone is associated with many physical complaints as well as cognitive complaints. This article reviews the neurobiologic connection between gonadal steroids and cognitive functions, and mechanisms by which T may be considered neuroprotective. Studies of hormone replacement...

... Abstract Chronic heart failure is common and can be described as a syndrome characterized by impairment of cardiac function associated with a maladaptive metabolic and neurohormonal axis. The thesis that testosterone replacement therapy may be helpful as a treatment for chronic heart failure...

... Abstract For several decades it has been assumed that higher testosterone (T) leads to greater growth of benign and malignant prostate tissue, but this view has come under greater scrutiny over the last several years. Although there are as yet no large-scale, long-term controlled studies of T...