... Abstract Parenteral nutrition (PN) in term newborns and older infants is often required for nutritional support for temporary or permanent intestinal failure from any reason. Lipid emulsions (LEs) are an essential source of high-density energy, essential fatty acids, and fat-soluble vitamins...

... Abstract Long-term dietary restriction (DR) robustly inhibits various types of carcinogenesis inrodents. Because malignancies are a major cause of death in humans, reducing the incidenceor, at least, delaying the time of onset of neoplasia may significantly increase longevity of alarge...

... Abstract SummaryLong-term administration of vindesine, included in a maintenance regimen for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with poor prognosis, proved to be effective. There was no apparent long-term cumulative neurotoxicity. ...

... Abstract The optimum growth and body composition of the preterm baby is unknown despite non-evidence-based opinions that this should mimic that of the full-term infant. The relationship between body composition at birth, in both preterm and full-term babies, and later cardiometabolic outcomes...

... mechanistic insights in this process are sparsely reported. Understanding how stress exposure in early-life influences brain development, and understanding the role of nutrition in this process, is essential for the development of effective (nutritional) therapies to improve long-term health in children...

... Oligosaccharides A detailed discussion of HMOs is beyond the scope of this article but can be found elsewhere [ 3, 4 ]. In brief, HMOs are complex carbohydrates that include five monosaccharides: glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose, and sialic acid. In terms of quantity, HMOs are the third largest...

... Metabolic programming of long-term health Developmental origins of adult health and disease Breastfeeding and obesity Long-term impact of infant feeding Non-communicable disease risk Key Messages Environmental cues, including nutritional and metabolic exposures during sensitive...

... and in the long term in adult life. In the literature, SGA and IUGR are frequently used as synonyms, but they present different clinical frames and also causal factors. Conditions affecting fetal growth predispose individuals to the development of chronic non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular...

... dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, and low bone mineral density. Long-term follow-up (LTFU) care, including education, risk-based prevention, and surveillance strategies, is essential to reduce the burden of endocrine complications and to allow for timely interventions. To integrate scientific expert knowledge...

...Key Messages Preterm infants grow very fast in their first months of life (they double or triple their birth weight in 2-3 months, which is more than twice as fast as term infants who take 4-6 months to double weight), therefore, adequate nutrition is important to support preterm infant...

... Abstract Long-term type 1 neovascularization (NV) evolution shows different outcomes: stabilization, chronicity, fibrosis, atrophy, hemorrhages, or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) tears. We do not know the reason why some NVs become stable, bringing to a standstill its evolution and activity...

... Abstract The neonatal immune system has its own reactivity, constraints, and challenges, which profoundly differ from the adult. Breast milk is most probably a key requirement both for optimal immune function in early life and for imprinting of the immune system for long-term immune health...

... Abstract Many adults born very preterm are healthy and well. However, very preterm birth may be regarded as a “chronic condition” with a higher risk of long-term morbidities that warrant attention or follow-up in adult life, and the degree of maturity at birth should be routinely assessed...