... Abstract Sunscreen application to UV-exposed skin is promoted to prevent skin cancer and sun damage, within a comprehensive photoprotection strategy that also includes sun avoidance and wearing UV protective clothing. The benefits of sunscreen are verified in preventing sunburn but appear...

... Abstract Developing efficient sunscreen products with an acceptable sensory feel after application on skin, that meet current regulatory market and consumer requirements, is a major challenge, exacerbated by new restrictions limiting the use of certain ingredients previously considered crucial...

... Abstract Effective skin protection of consumers by sunscreens can only be achieved when meaningful and reliable test methods are available to objectively measure the protection of sunscreen products. Quantitative, scientifically sound, and valid methods to detect UVB and UVA light protection...

... Abstract Sunscreens used for the protection of human skin work by attenuating the potentially harmful solar UV radiation. In recent years, the quantitative understanding of this attenuating effect has grown tremendously, enabling model calculations of sunscreen performance. Such calculations...

... of the millennium, it became clear that sunscreen filters from sunscreen products can be systemically absorbed and detected in urine and plasma. Against this background, we review issues and challenges with safety assessments related to the possible percutaneous absorption of the sunscreen filters. A reference...

... chapter to deal with in detail. We do not consider products with another intended primary use, such as moisturizer or colour comments, which are, in themselves “secondary sunscreens,” defined specifically in Australia [AS/NZS 2604:2012 Sunscreen products – Evaluation and classification] or Canada...

... Abstract The Precautionary Principle is a decision-making device designed to help us when we deal with uncertain risks. Despite a number of case-control and prospective studies over several years, there remains some uncertainty as to whether sunscreens are unequivocally effective in reducing...

... Abstract Adverse reactions to sunscreens are uncommon in relation to their widespread use [Loden et al. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(2):255–62; Jansen et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(6):867 e861–814; quiz 881–862] and can be related to both active and inactive ingredients in sunscreen products...

..., interpretation of results is complicated by differences in methodology, and exposures to single agents in vitro may not reflect the effects of longer exposure to finished sunscreens containing UV filters in combination with numerous other chemicals. Relatively short-term observations of laboratory effects thus...

... Abstract Skin cancer rates have been on the rise for decades and are still growing in spite of the availability of high-performance sunscreens that provide sufficient protection against the damaging effect of UV radiation everywhere on this globe. This paper investigates behaviors and attitudes...

...-protecting sunscreen products became available. In the years that followed and until recently, a wide variety of sunscreen filters have been developed. They are incorporated into simple to advanced formulations to be easily and evenly distributed to ensure optimal protection of the sun-exposed skin...

... Abstract In 1978, the FDA Advisory Panel proposed both indoor and natural sunlight SPF testing methods but reverted to indoor testing only in 1993. Today’s sunscreen sun protection and broad-spectrum claims are based on mandated clinical tests using solar simulators and in vitro...

... Abstract Background: With more than 200,000 new cases per year, skin tumours have been the most frequently reported cancers in Germany for years. We performed a systematic review to summarise the current evidence concerning the preventive value of regular sunscreen use. Methods: Systematic...

...References References 1. Labeling and effectiveness testing: sunscreen drug products for over-the-counter human use: small entity compliance guide. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/labeling-and-effectiveness-testing-sunscreen-drug...

...References References 1. O’Neill JJ. Effect of film irregularities on sunscreen efficacy. J Pharm Sci. 1984;73(1984):888–91. doi: 10.1002/jps.2600730707 2. Herzog B. Prediction of sun protection factors by calculation of transmissions with a calibrated step film model. J Cosmet Sci...

...References References 1. ISO 24444 Cosmetics: sun protection test methods – in vivo determination of the sun protection factor (SPF). 2010. 2. FDA labeling and effectiveness testing; sunscreen drug products for over-the-counter human use. 2011. 3. AS/NZS sunscreen products: evaluation...

... of sunscreens. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2014;30(2–3):62–80. doi: 10.1111/phpp.12112 3. Verheugen G. European commission recommendation on the efficacy of ­sunscreen products and the claims made relating thereto. J Eur Union. 2006;245:39–43. 4. Osterwalder U, Herzog B. The long way towards...

..., however, one also had to protect oneself against the potential of excessive exposure to avoid sunburns. Around 1945, the first sunscreen products for protection against solar radiation became available. In the years to follow and up to the recent past, a vast number of different sunscreen filters were...

.... Acceptance and usability of different sunscreen formulations among outdoor workers: a randomized, single-blind, cross-over study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2014;94:152–6. doi: 10.2340/00015555-1667 9. Fry A, Verne J. Preventing skin cancer. BMJ. 2003;326:114–15. doi: 10.1136/bmj.326.7381.114 10. Maier H...

..., MD. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2014/, based on November 2016 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2017. 4. Haywood R, Wardman P, Sanders R, Linge C. Sunscreens inadequately protect against ultraviolet-a induced free radicals in skin: implications for skin...