... Abstract Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is the reference technique in Parkinson's disease (PD) at different stages of complications. Some patients cannot afford DBS due to anticoagulation or comorbidities or due to pecuniary reasons. Radiosurgery is a minimally...

... Abstract The concept of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson's disease (PD) was introduced over 20 years ago, but our understanding of the nuances of this procedure continues to improve. The average motor outcomes of internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) and subthalamic nucleus...

..., Levivier M: Core assessment program for surgical interventional therapies in Parkinson's disease (CAPSIT-PD). Mov Disord 1999;14:572-584. 3. Kleiner-Fisman G, Herzog J, Fisman DN, Tamma F, Lyons KE, Pahwa R, et al: Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation: summary and meta-analysis of outcomes. Mov...

...References References 1. Pearce JM: The subthalamic nucleus and Jules Bernard Luys (1828-1897). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;71:783. 2. Rioch DM: A note on the centre médian nNucleus of luys. J Anat 1931;65:324-327. 3. Carpenter MB: Ballism associated with partial destruction...

... disease (PD SURG trial): a randomised, open-label trial. Lancet Neurol 2010;9:581-591. 5. Follett KA, et al: Pallidal versus subthalamic deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 2010;362:2077-2091. 6. Odekerken VJ, et al: Subthalamic nucleus versus globus pallidus bilateral...

...References References 1. McClelland S 3rd, Ford B, Senatus PB, Winfield LM, Du YE, Pullman SL, et al: Subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson disease: determination of electrode location necessary for clinical efficacy. Neurosurgical Focus 2005;19:E12. 2. Ellis TM, Foote KD, Fernandez HH...

..., Contarino MF, Schuurman PR, van den Munckhof P: Can we rely on susceptibility-weighted imaging for subthalamic nucleus identification in deep brain stimulation surgery? Neurosurgery 2016;78:353-360. 8. Nestor KA, Jones JD, Butson CR, Morishita T, Jacobson CE 4th, Peace DA, Chen D, Foote KD, Okun MS...

.... 6. Gorgulho AA, Shields DC, Malkasian D, Behnke E, Desalles AA: Stereotactic coordinates associated with facial musculature contraction during high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus. J Neurosurg 2009;110:1317-1321. 7. Konrad PE, Neimat JS, Yu H, Kao CC, Remple MS, D'Haese PF...

... of the thalamus as a treatment of movement disorders. J Neurosurg 1996;84:203-214. 3. Schjerling L, Hjermind LE, Jespersen B, et al: A randomized double-blind crossover trial comparing subthalamic and pallidal deep brain stimulation for dystonia. J Neurosurg 2013;119:1537-1545. 4. Benabid AL, Torres N...

... and further inclusion criteria. One class I study suggests that PD patients with early motor complications might gain more quality of life if operated within 3 years after the onset of fluctuations. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is still the standard target. STN DBS has an impact on impulse control disorders...

... of the posterior subthalamic area (Zi/Raprl) for intractable tremor]. No Shinkei Geka 2007;35:355-362. 9. Ostrem JL, Christine CW, Glass GA, Schrock LE, Starr PA: Pedunculopontine nucleus deep brain stimulation in a patient with primary progressive freezing gait disorder. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2010;88:51...

... multisynaptic circuits. Prog Brain Res 2004; 143:449-459. 14. Miyachi S, Lu X, Imanishi M, Sawada K, Nambu A, Takada M: Somatotopically arranged inputs from putamen and subthalamic nucleus to primary motor cortex. Neurosci Res 2006; 56:300-308. 15. Haber SN, Fudge JL, McFarland NR: Striatonigrostriatal...

... or active movement of the limbs. In awake surgery, this remains a key component for confirming correct electrode placement. However, misconceptions about physiologic mapping are pervasive. For example, consider a MER tract through the subthalamic nucleus (STN). One common assumption is that finding a unit...

... and the discovery of the subthalamic nucleus. Luys’s name has long been attached to the latter structure ( corps de Luys ), which is at the center of our current thinking about the functional organization of basal ganglia and the physiopathology of Parkinson’s disease. As head of the Maison de santé d’Ivry, Luys...

... S, Foltynie T, Holl E, Petersen E, Roughton M, Hariz MI, Limousin P: Effects of subthalamic stimulation on speech of consecutive patients with Parkinson disease. Neurology 2011;76:80-86. 5. Pedrosa D, Auth M, Pauls K, Runge M: Verbal fluency in essential tremor patients: the effects of deep...

...” structural atlases do not provide information on the individual pattern of connectivity of each patient. Castro et al. [ 6 ] compared the accuracy in localizing the borders of subthalamic nucleus (STN) between their “ground truth” atlas-based method and other methods (including targeting based on AC-PC...

.... Meissner W, Leblois A, Hansel D, Bioulac B, Gross CE, Benazzouz A, Boraud T: Subthalamic high frequency stimulation resets subthalamic firing and reduces abnormal oscillations. Brain 2005;128:2372-2382. 20. Tai CH, Boraud T, Bezard E, Bioulac B, Gross C, Benazzouz A: Electrophysiological and metabolic...

.... Smith Y, Galvan A, Ellender TJ, Doig N, Villalba RM, Huerta-Ocampo I, Wichmann T, Bolam JP: The thalamostriatal system in normal and diseased states. Front Syst Neurosci 2014;8:5. 9. Mathai A, Ma Y, Pare JF, Villalba RM, Wichmann T, Smith Y: Reduced cortical innervation of the subthalamic nucleus...