... (STN) DBS appear to be similar, although GPi DBS may allow greater recovery of verbal fluency and may provide greater relief of depression symptoms and improvement in the quality of life, and STN DBS appears more likely to result in decrease in levodopa equivalent doses. Despite the lack of consensus...

... Abstract Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is the reference technique in Parkinson's disease (PD) at different stages of complications. Some patients cannot afford DBS due to anticoagulation or comorbidities or due to pecuniary reasons. Radiosurgery is a minimally...

... a relatively simple input/output hierarchical model. The input stages of basal ganglia processing comprise the striatum (including the putamen, the caudate, and the ventral striatum [VStr]) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN). The cerebral cortex is the major source of afferents to the basal ganglia. The output...

...” structural atlases do not provide information on the individual pattern of connectivity of each patient. Castro et al. [ 6 ] compared the accuracy in localizing the borders of subthalamic nucleus (STN) between their “ground truth” atlas-based method and other methods (including targeting based on AC-PC...

... and further inclusion criteria. One class I study suggests that PD patients with early motor complications might gain more quality of life if operated within 3 years after the onset of fluctuations. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is still the standard target. STN DBS has an impact on impulse control disorders...

..., hyperdirect pathway; IP, indirect pathway; PN, pontine nuclei; PPN, pedunculopontine nucleus; SNc, substantia nigra pars compacta; SNr, substantia nigra pars reticulata; STN, subthalamic nucleus; VA/VL, ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus. Basal Ganglia Circuits Anatomic...

... in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is significant, and can double or triple the cost of DBS treatment [ 22 ]. In the absence of strong evidence supporting the use of MER, and in light of the potential risks and costs of employing this technique, one must consider the question of whether an alternate technique...

... include the globus pallidus pars interna (GPi) for PD and dystonia, the subthalamic nucleus (STN) for PD, and the ventral intermedius nucleus of the thalamus for ET and tremor-predominant PD. GPi stimulation has also been used on an investigational basis for treating secondary dystonias. DBS targets...

... S, Basu S: Electrophysiological validation of STN-SNr boundary depicted by susceptibility-weighted MRI. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2015;157:2129-2134. 31. Sudhyadhom A, Haq IU, Foote KD, Okun MS, Bova FJ: A high resolution and high contrast MRI for differentiation of subcortical structures for DBS...

..., Baardsen R, Dalen I, Larsen JP: The long-term development of non-motor problems after STN-DBS. Acta Neurol Scand 2015;132:251-258. 18. Janssen ML, Duits AA, Turaihi AM, Tourai AM, Ackermans L, Leentjens AF, et al: Subthalamic nucleus high-frequency stimulation for advanced Parkinson's disease: Motor...

... or active movement of the limbs. In awake surgery, this remains a key component for confirming correct electrode placement. However, misconceptions about physiologic mapping are pervasive. For example, consider a MER tract through the subthalamic nucleus (STN). One common assumption is that finding a unit...

...) and neurturin. Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase One consequence of nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration in PD is that STN becomes hyperactive in response to reduced GABAergic input from the globus pallidus externa. Hence, another symptomatic therapy is focused on delivering GAD to the STN in an effort...

...., Irvine, CA, USA) - FDA approved in 2010. Accuracy of Stereotactic Systems, Targeting Errors Stereotactic accuracy directly relates to DBS efficacy [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. For example, the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is approximately 6 × 4 × 5 mm in size and a DBS electrode placement error...

.... Ostrem JL, Galifianakis NB, Markun LC, Grace JK, Martin AJ, Starr PA, Larson PS: Clinical outcomes of PD patients having bilateral STN DBS using high-field interventional MR-imaging for lead placement. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2013;115:708-712. 48. Chabardes S, Isnard S, Castrioto A, Oddoux M, Fraix V...

... Neurosurg 2017;97:762.e11-e14. 15. Saleh S, Swanson KI, Lake WB, Sillay KA: Awake neurophysiologically guided versus asleep MRI-guided STN DBS for Parkinson disease: a comparison of outcomes using levodopa equivalents. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2015;93:419-426. 16. Chen T, Mirzadeh Z, Chapple K...

... of the PTT for PD [ 29 ]. They made a lesion in “bilateral” PTT in 21 patients and unilateral PTT in 20. Improvement of UPDRS III, II, tremor, and dyskinesia was 60, 50, 87, and 80% respectively. L-dopa was markedly decreased after the surgery. The effect of PTT lesioning seems comparable with bilateral STN...

...: Structural and resting state functional connectivity of the subthalamic nucleus: identification of motor STN parts and the hyperdirect pathway. PLoS One 2012;7:e39061. 39. Accolla EA, Herrojo Ruiz M, Horn A, Schneider G-H, Schmitz-Hübsch T, Draganski B, Kühn AA: Brain networks modulated by subthalamic...

... limitation of DBS therapy in subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation for PD and also in ventrolateral thalamic stimulation for tremor control [ 4 , 5 ]. There is also evidence of neuropsychiatric complications related to stimulation including depression, cognitive decline, impulsive behavior, and increased...