... it to their back and torso. Fig. 1. Usage by country (past 12 months, 2017). Basis: All respondents, Question: SPF stands for Sun Protection Factor and is typically displayed in sun products. Question: “Off the top of your head, did you happen to use products containing SPF protection in the past 12 months...

... Abstract Background/Aims: In order to define a label SPF of topically applied sunscreens, in vivo test methods like ISO 24444, FDA Guideline, and the Australian Standard are used worldwide. The basis of all these methods is to induce an erythemal skin reaction by UV irradiation to find...

... Abstract In 1978, the FDA Advisory Panel proposed both indoor and natural sunlight SPF testing methods but reverted to indoor testing only in 1993. Today’s sunscreen sun protection and broad-spectrum claims are based on mandated clinical tests using solar simulators and in vitro...

... ] in Germany who first proposed a protection factor for sunscreens (sun protection factor, SPF) by dividing the measured MED of protected skin by the MED of the unprotected skin. Greiter improved this method in 1974 [ 5 ], and in 1978, the first standardized and internationally accepted sunscreen testing...

...]. This chapter does not consider or test these criteria but does include a table of claims and suggested ways to substantiate these. Genericization To a high degree, mandatory labelling requirements adopted in many countries [ 1 , 2 ] have resulted in the situation where the SPF number and category...

..., Atillasoy E, Wu MM, Farberg AS, Rigel DS. SPF 100+ sunscreen is more protective against sunburn than SPF 50+ in actual use: results of a randomized, double-blind, split-face, natural sunlight exposure clinical trial. J Am. Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(5):902–10. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.12.062 20. Russak JE...

..., by establishing defined basic and experimental conditions, the method became internationally standardized delivering the well-known sun protection factor (SPF). The method was widely used and is nowadays regarded as a gold-standard method . Further standardized methods were added shortly thereafter. However...

... in the laboratory determination of sunscreen performance, notably the Sun Protection Factor (SPF). However, the divergence ­between natural and simulated solar spectra at longer wavelengths may explain why SPFs measured in natural sunlight are less than those determined in the laboratory. Optical Radiation...

... on the calculation of UV transmittance of sunscreen films. The link to the SPF is given by the fact that the inverse of transmittance at a specific wavelength is the factor by which the respective radiation is attenuated and has the meaning of a monochromatic protection factor. Calculations of UV transmittance...

...References References 1. ISO 24444 Cosmetics: sun protection test methods – in vivo determination of the sun protection factor (SPF). 2010. 2. FDA labeling and effectiveness testing; sunscreen drug products for over-the-counter human use. 2011. 3. AS/NZS sunscreen products: evaluation...

... standardized methods, have become available (e.g., SPF ISO24444 ). They allow a categorization of product protection performance. However, recent observations have revealed two important limitations: (1) Despite a high degree of standardization, a large inter-laboratory variance in the determination of the sun...

... für die menschliche Haut. DIN 67501. 1984. 9. Standard Association of Australia. Sunscreen products, evaluation and classification. AS 2604. 1986. 10. Japan Cosmetic Industry Association (JCIA). Standard SPF Test Method (revised version), 1999. doi: 10.5107/sccj.26.207, viewed July 14, 2020...

... Population: all, independent of age, skin type, occupation and so on Intervention: sunscreen or sunscreen + additional component Comparison group: no intervention, placebo, vehicle or different sun protection factor (SPF) Outcome domains: epithelial skin cancer (SCC, BCC), AK (synonyms...

... factor (SPF). International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 2010. 5. Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. Erythema Reference Action Spectrum and Standard Erythema Dose. CIE S007E-1998. CIE Central Bureau, Vienna, Austria; 1998. 6. Diffey BL, Osterwalder U. Labelled sunscreen SPFs...

... from the regulatory side. The current sun protection factor (SPF) is not indicative of real-life performance outdoors and is criticized as it overestimates true outdoor performance in actual sunlight [ 20 , 21 ]. The current ISO 24444 standard and the FDA monograph do not consider the effects...

... of DNA and other biomolecules). SPF is largely a measure of UVB protection. In Europe, a sufficient UVA protection of a sunscreen product is labeled with a dedicated UVA label as depicted above. Fig. 1. UVR refers to solar radiation with wavelengths in the 200 to 400 nm range. Radiation in the 400...

... of photoprotection performance for the desired SPF, UVA-PF, and other requested endpoints. Next comes the selection of the emulsifier system and other key formulation ingredients, such as oil components, triplet quenchers, and antioxidants, with sensory, rheological, and film formation functions. Preliminary cost...

... (UVA-PF)/sun protection factor (SPF) >0.33, and the US broad-spectrum criterion of critical wavelength ≥370 nm [ 33 ]. Controversies, Challenges, and Outlook The extension of protection into the UVA range is highly clinically relevant and can be impressively demonstrated in the proof...