... mechanics would be considered a negative decompensation and could be expected to exacerbate the dysfunction of the entire shoulder complex. It appears that the increased upward rotation in patients with rotator cuff tears is a compensation to attempt to increase or maximize arm elevation or positioning...

... be associated with tendon lesion and instability, developing the ‘terrible triad’ of the shoulder. Both conservative and surgical management are possible, and surgeons must choose the most appropriate management modality according to the biologic age of the patients, functional demands, and type of lesion...

... shoulder function or structural outcome when compared with arthroscopic repair without augmentation [ 86 ]. Further investigations should be conducted to advance our knowledge on the expression of GFs during healing before administration of single or multiple GFs in tendon healing trials. The time...

... for conservative treatment is not defined. Physical therapy consists of stretching and strengthening exercises. The characteristics of exercise programmes are not standardized. In clinical practice, intra-articular injections are commonly used for treatment of shoulder pain. Systemic pharmacotherapy for patients...

... Abstract The subscapularis muscle is the largest and strongest muscle of the rotator cuff. It plays an essential role in the stability and function of the shoulder. Tears of the subscapularis tendon are more frequent than previously estimated. The worldwide use of arthroscopy in rotator cuff...

...References References 1. Rowe CR: Prognosis in dislocations of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1956;38:957-977 2. Trillat A, Leclerc-Chalvet F: Luxation récidivante de l'épaule. Paris, Masson, 1973;126 3. Hovelius L, Lind B, Thorling J: Primary dislocation of the shoulder: factors...

... effect to the shoulder, because of compression of the humeral head against the glenoid cavity. The wide range of motion of the shoulder is allowed by the variety of rotational moments of the cuff muscles. Rotator cuff muscles action must be precisely coordinated to obtain the desired movement. Rotator...

... Abstract The biomechanical properties of, and mechanical environment surrounding, the rotator cuff continue to be a research area of great interest as injury and failure of these tendons are among the most common of shoulder pathologies, with incidence increasing in older populations. Recent...

...References References 1. Nottage WM: How to avoid and manage complications in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. (eds) Abrams JS, Bell RH: Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Surgery Berlin, Springer, 2008;363-373 2. McFarland E, O'Neil O, Hsu C: Complications of shoulder arthroscopy. J South...

... be observed as the differential growth of the shoulders and hips. The net effect of these pubertal changes is that the young adult woman has ∼25% body fat in the ‘gynoid’ distribution while the male has much more muscle, especially in the shoulders and upper body but only ∼13% body fat. A normal rate...

... for which a genetic contribution has been proposed include the Achilles tendon in the heel, the rotator cuff tendons in the shoulder and the cruciate ligaments in the knee. Recent developments in the identification of genetic risk factors for tendon and ligament injuries will be reviewed. Sequence variants...

...References References 1. Warner JP, Micheli LJ, Arslanian LE, Kennedy J, Kennedy R: Patterns of flexibility, laxity, and strength in normal shoulders and shoulders with instability and impingement. Am J Sports Med 1990;18:366-375 2. Paletta GA, Warner JJP, Warren RF, Deutsch A, Altchek DW...

... in loss of playing or training time in the under 13 year age group.Upper and lower extremity injuries were equally apportioned, with musculoskeletal injuriesbeing the main type of injury. Fractures were observed in the upper extremity and ankle, andjoint/ligament injuries affected the shoulder, knee...