... [ 1 ]. On the one hand the SCN uses its projections to the subparaventricular nucleus (subPVN) and the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) to modulate the activity of the CRH neurons in the PVN and the subsequent release of ACTH from the pituitary, whereas on the other hand it uses its GABAergic...

... Paraventricular Nucleus-NTS Projections Several findings support a role for oxytocin and corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the control of eating and regulation of body weight. These peptides each inhibit eating when injected intracerebroventricularly (ICV...

... Abstract The hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system (HNS) is a highly specialised region of the brain that is comprised of the magnocellular neurons of the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei, the axons of which project to the neural lobe of the pituitary. The PVN and the SON...

... the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), dorsomedial nucleus, ventromedial nucleus and anterior hypothalamus [ 25 ]. Dose-dependent decreases in yawning induced by the intra-PVN administration of ACTH are observed following microinjection of the melanocortin-4 receptor antagonist, HS014, into the PVN suggesting...

...; particularly the medial preoptic area (MPOA) and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN; fig. 1 ) [ 5 ]. Electrical or chemical stimulation in the MPOA/PVN evoked erection and mating behaviors in experimental animals; both were abolished by destruction of these areas. Somatosensory input from the genitalia ascends...

... oxytocinergic PVN neurons [ 56 ]. In addition, oxytocin immunoreactive axons are densely localized in close proximity to mNTS neurons activated by eating inhibitory doses of peripheral CCK [ 57 ]. These data suggest a descending pathway through which leptin acts via oxytocinergic PVN neurons to drive mNTS...

... of PRL by their immunological and antiangiogenic properties [ 5 , 27 ]. They were localized within magnocellular neurons of both the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and their axonal projections to the posterior pituitary gland [ 5 , 28 ]. They derived from...

... functions relating to metabolism and immunity but has also profound effects on the brain by regulating neuronal survival and neurogenesis in structures such as the hippocampus where it plays a role in memory [ 2 ]. The main regulatory centre of the axis is the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN...

... tight regulation of the thyroid gland, exerted from central brain structures at the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary. Three main hormonal signals are involved in the control of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis: TRH produced by neurons at the paraventricular nucleus (PVN...

... and chemical stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus also stimulated yawning [ 7 , 8 ]. Microinjection of histamine into the medial parvocellular subdivision of the PVN also elicited yawns and an arousal shift was observed using electrocorticography, as evidenced by lower voltage...

... in the hypothalamic paraven-tricular nucleus (PVN) increases during acute and long-term calorie restriction [ 24 ] whereas repeated injections of NPY into the PVN increases food intake and leads to obesity [ 25 ]. The potent effect of NPY on enhancing energy storage reflects its role in mechanisms that regulate whole...

... with evoking a homeostatic response. Indeed, NPY and POMC neuronal populations send axonal projections into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and other areas of the brain [ 1 ]. In addition, some gut hormones can directly or indirectly act on nuclei linked with feeding behaviors, such as the PVN, but also...

... are the ventromedial nuclei (VMH), paraventricular nuclei (PVN) and arcuate nucleus (ARC). ARC generates the anorexigenic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-related transcript (CART). The PVN expresses receptors for the POMC derived melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MC3R/MC4R), and secrete...

... circulation. For this reason, the GLP-1 analog exendin-4 (Ex-4), which is not rapidly cleaved by DPP-IV, is often used. Peripheral administration of Ex-4 produces a potent and lasting inhibition of eating [ 72 , 73 ]. Administration of GLP-1 or of Ex-4 directly into the PVN or of Ex-4 into the dorsal...

... cross the blood-brain barrier. In the CNS, ghrelin and its receptor GHSR1a are present in the four main hypothalamic nuclei involved in the regulation of food intake: the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the dorsomedial, ventromedial and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei. Ghrelin receptors have also been identified...

... at different levels: in the pituitary, in the hypothalamus, and at the level of the hippocampus, which contains the highest concentration of GCs receptors. GCs can inhibit the release and synthesis of CRH and AVP in the PVN. They can inhibit POMC transcription and the release of ACTH stimulated by CRH and AVP...