... of these diseases can be ambiguous, as there are similar clinical presentations in retinal degenerations arising from different genetic mechanisms. As would be expected, alterations in the activity of the phototransduction cascade, such as changes affecting the renewal and shedding of the photoreceptor OS, visual...

... Abstract Retinal degeneration, associated with loss of photoreceptors, is the primary cause of permanent vision impairment, impacting millions of people worldwide. Age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa are two common retinal diseases resulting in photoreceptor loss...

... Abstract The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of cells adjacent to the photoreceptors of the retina. It plays a crucial role in maintaining photoreceptor health and survival. Degeneration or dysfunction of the RPE can lead to photoreceptor degeneration and as a consequence...

... insights into retinoid metabolism and cycling within the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013;32:48-63. 14. Palczewski K: G protein-coupled receptor rhodopsin. Annu Rev Biochem 2006;75:743-767. 15. Cote RH: Characteristics of photoreceptor PDE (PDE6): similarities and differences to PDE5. Int J Impot...

... play an increasingly important role in the retina. In this chapter, we briefly review the scientific background for neuroprotection and focus on promising translational pharmacological studies related to the preservation of the structure and function of photoreceptors. Given the important parallels...

... of photoreceptors and other retinal cells. Therefore, in hereditary forms of retinal degenerations associated with known gene mutations, two factors need to be addressed: replacement of the missing gene and cell survival. Combining cell and gene therapy may offer a therapeutic avenue that allows both problems...

... Abstract Normal retina contains neuroretina and retinal pigment epithelium. The neuroretina consists of outer and inner segments of photoreceptors (rods and cones), external limiting membrane, outer nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, ganglion cell...

... cone photoreceptors persist despite neighboring mutant cone degeneration. J Neurosci 2010;30:382-389. 7. Pearson RA, Barber AC, Rizzi M, et al: Restoration of vision after transplantation of photoreceptors. Nature 2012;485:99-103. 8. Lakowski J, Baron M, Bainbridge J, et al: Cone and rod...

..., the appearance of the photoreceptor layer on SD-OCT images has been found to be an important prognostic factor for visual recovery and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity after MIVS. Although deciding when to perform a vitrectomy can be difficult, it might be better to schedule vitrectomy surgery while...

... an objective assessment of global photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelial cell function. Retinal structural measures are correlated with measures of retinal function to characterize the disease phenotype, including fundus photography using color, near-infrared, and autofluorescence imaging. Ocular...

... a hyporeflective space (a ‘partial-thickness hole') and was particularly useful to make the correct diagnosis and follow the spontaneous disease progression. The second example describes a case of posttraumatic photoreceptor disruption. The OCT showed a focal disruption of the inner segment/outer segment junction...

... macular dystrophy. Ophthalmic Genet 2009;30:63-68. 4.  Allikmets R, Singh N, Sun H, Shroyer NF, Hutchinson A, Chidambaram A, et al: A photoreceptor cell-specific ATP-binding transporter gene (ABCR) is mutated in recessive Stargardt macular dystrophy. Nat Genet 1997;15:236-246. 5.  Hartong DT...

... to photoreceptor degeneration, which can be generalized, as in retinitis pigmentosa or show predilection for the macular area, as in Stargardt disease or Best’s disease. Depending on the localization of the photoreceptor damage, symptoms will include nyctalopia, photophobia, dyschromatopsia and central vision loss...

... G, Layton CJ, Wood JP, Casson RJ, Melena J: Optic nerve and neuroprotection strategies. Eye 2004;18:1075-1084. 10. Wenzel A, Grimm C, Samardzija M, Remé CE: Molecular mechanisms of light-induced photoreceptor apoptosis and neuroprotection for retinal degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2005;24:275...

.... Animal experiments suggest that the cellular response to retinal detachment may be broadly described as; partial dedifferentiation of retinal pigment epithelium cells, proliferation and migration of retinal pigment epithelium cells into the subretinal space, degeneration of the photoreceptor outer...

... photoreceptors since the retina is an integral part of the CNS. Unlike members of the omega-6 FAs (e.g. arachidonic acid), which are present in all parts of the body, DHA is selectively taken up by the CNS and is needed for a variety of functions, including memory and vision. DHA is concentrated and retained...

... inhibition via Dkk treatment and IGF1 promote the retinal fate [ 27 ]. The resulting cells exhibit markers of all the major cell types, and current efforts are aimed at increasing purity and authentic differentiation of specific retinal cell types, and, in particular, of photoreceptor cells [ 28...

... retina and a macular detachment. c-h SD-OCT 2 weeks ( c ), 1 ( d ), 3 ( e ), 6 ( f ), 12 ( g ), and 22 ( h ) months of follow-up after surgery. A progressive reduction of intraretinal and subretinal fluid occurs as long with the elongation of the photoreceptor outer segment ( f ). Images at 22 months...

... or incomplete visual recovery after anatomically successful surgical repair. Several studies have reported a possible association between the integrity of the photoreceptor inner and outer segment (IS/OS) junction and postoperative visual acuity after successful MH repair [ 21 – 23 ]. The structural integrity...