... former pathways in the brain, suggesting compensatory mechanisms in which the right hemisphere may be involved [ 57 ]. Janet [ 57 ] (1847–1959), who worked with Charcot in Salpetrière Hospital in Paris, introduced progressive exposition to anxiogen stimulus and a method of disengagement of rumination...

... activity, including oxidative stress and kynurenine pathway activation, will also be discussed, albeit briefly. We will conclude by providing a mechanistic model that draws upon our previous research, to link neuroimmune/neurotransmitter dysregulation to disrupted local neural activity and brain network...

... by monogenic defects affecting components of the insulin signalling pathway. The most commonly identified mutations, first described in 1988, lie in the INSR gene, encoding the insulin receptor. These may lead to either extreme infantile insulin resistance with autosomal recessive inheritance...

... in adults and are anticipated to enter pediatric trials in the near future. In contrast to several other cancers, neuroblastoma is a predominantly p53 wild-type tumor; however, p53 pathway inactivation through MDM2 amplification and p14 ARF aberrations have been reported. Nongenotoxic activation...

... and atrial septal defects being commonest, and an early-onset form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The mutations underlying the RASopathies alter genes encoding proteins with roles in signal transduction through the RAS/MAPK pathway. Nearly all lesions are missense variants and generally have gain...

..., fitness and the mathematics of deficit accumulation. Rev Clin Gerontol 2007;17:1-12 10. Ferrucci L, Corsi A, Lauretani F, et al: The origin of age-related pro-inflammatory state. Blood 2005;105:2294-2299 11. Cohen HJ, Harris T, Pieper CF: Coagulation and activation of inflammatory pathways...

... step in the secretory granule biosynthesis and, at least in the case of prolactin and growth hormone, greatly depends on zinc ions that facilitate this process. Hence, regulation of cellular zinc transport especially that within the regulated secretory pathway is of importance to understand. Various...

... by a complete understanding of the etiology of this condition. Here we review the current concepts regarding the genetic and environmental factors contributing to orofacial clefts and emphasize on the roles of BMP signaling pathway components in the normal and aberrant development of the lip and palate...

... Abstract Noonan syndrome (NS) and related disorders are due to mutations in the genes of the Ras-MAPK pathway. Congenital heart defect (CHD) is diagnosed in 60–85% of patients affected by these conditions. Pulmonary valve stenosis (PVS) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are the most common...

... Abstract The molecular pathogenesis of Noonan, Costello, and Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes has recently been described. All of these disorders result from an abnormal activation of the RAS-MAPK pathway. RAS-MAPK pathway activation is a common occurrence in tumor cells, and much effort has...

.... Integration of these results and verification of putative target genes will increase our understanding of the porcine response pathways responding to bacterial infection. pig Salmonella transcript profiling microarray qPCR NF-ĸB gene regulation innate immune response ...

... Abstract Neurofibromin, the NF1 protein product, functions as a tumor suppressor through negativeregulation of the Ras signal transduction pathway. Neurofibromatosis type 1 is an autosomaldominant condition due to NF1 haploinsufficiency in conjunction with doubleinactivation in tissue. Several...

... Abstract The Bmp pathway is of critical importance in the development of the skull vault.Analysis of gain and loss of function phenotypes of Bmp pathway effectors, particularly Msxgenes, has shown that the Bmp pathway functions in the growth of both mesodermal andneural crest-derived calvarial...