...How Frequent Is Graves' Orbitopathy in Children? Graves' disease is the most frequent cause of adult hyperthyroidism in iodine-replete areas [ 1 , 2 ], with a prevalence of about 2% in women and 0.3% in men, and an incidence rate of 200-500 cases/million/year [ 2...

...What Is the Risk of Diabetes Mellitus in Graves' Orbitopathy? Epidemiology The prevalence of type 1 diabetes in Graves' disease is reported to be 9.2% [ 1 ]. The prevalence of thyroid disease in the diabetic population is 13.4% [ 2 ], and that of thyroid disorders...

... The concept of a declaration on Graves' orbitopathy (GO) was born in April 2009 during the European Congress of Endocrinology in Istanbul [ 1 ]. It was unexpected and almost accidental. The Swiss cheese model (or more appropriately the “Leerdammer cheese model”) lends itself as a particularly...

...Can You Give an Overall Scheme for the Diagnosis of Graves' Orbitopathy? The diagnosis of Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is based on: (a) the presence of eye signs and symptoms, (b) the presence of thyroid autoimmunity, and (c) the exclusion of an alternative diagnosis...

...Is There General Agreement among Specialists on How to Manage Graves' Orbitopathy? The European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) has recently published the first guidelines on the management of Graves' orbitopathy (GO) [ 1 ]. What...

...Which Parameters Should Be Taken into Account to Define a Clinically Evident Graves' Orbitopathy as Mild? The prevalence of eye involvement in Graves' hyperthyroidism has recently been reshaped: more than 70% of patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism have no clinically...

...How Is Moderately Severe Graves' Orbitopathy Defined? In the consensus statement simultaneously published in the European Journal of Endocrinology and in Thyroid , the journal of the American Thyroid Association (ATA) [ 1 , 2 ], the European Group on Graves...

...How Do You Define Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy? What Is the Causative Mechanism? Dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) is the impairment of the optic nerve function caused by Graves' orbitopathy (GO), in the presence of pertinent radiological alterations consisting in optic...