... techniques, and improvement of perioperative care during recent decades have resulted in improved clinical outcomes for patients. In addition, assessing functional outcomes and quality-of-life issues have become a fundamental part in the holistic care of patients with ASB tumors. Once dominated by open...

... and a therapeutic manoeuvre. Inevitably, some lesions were inadequately or incompletely excised, or lesions that would have been better managed non-surgically were removed. To address these problems, the technique of open surgical biopsy was developed, which would then guide further intervention. This, however...

... and advanced, and to contribute to clinical practice. This chapter describes the application of ICG fluorescence-based cholangiography to abdominal open surgery. Fluorescence Cholangiography during Abdominal Surgery Conventional X-ray-based cholangiography is very useful for the visualization...

... scientists embarking on research in retinopathy may wish to address some open problems: Why do retinal capillaries become leaky at some stage(s) of the disease? What triggers growth of new vessels, again at some stages and in some patients only? How does laser work for new vessels and how, as far as it does...

.... The growing contribution of serology,together with the recognition of a wider spectrum of histologicalchanges (see below), and the contribution by genetictests demonstrate the necessity to move on to a reviseddiagnostic approach. The aim of this chapter is to analysemany open questions that remain concerning...