... Resting energy expenditure Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry Indirect calorimetry Body composition Key Messages • Accurate nutritional assessment should be an integral part of pediatric care and may require technical measurements • The measurement of resting energy expenditure...

...) and are invaluable in guiding therapeutic decisions in secondary malnutrition (resulting from conditions of increased need for or losses of substrate). Because nutritional status is an independent predictor of outcome in the sick child, strict attention to indicators of visceral protein stores and vitamin or mineral...

..., ensuring adequate nutrient intakes especially in the first few days and weeks is challenging, and many infants show poor growth and nutritional status. Good nutritional management should be seen as the cornerstone of good neonatal care and is key to improving a range of important outcomes including reduced...

... Cholestasis Fat Fat-soluble vitamins Nutritional assessment Key Messages Children with cholestatic liver disease require aggressive nutritional management to prevent growth failure, malnutrition, and deficiencies. Specific diagnostic tools are indicated to monitor nutritional...

... Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Nutritional rehabilitation Re-feeding syndrome Nasogastric tube feeding Key Messages Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by underweight (BMI <10th percentile), an intense fear of weight gain, body image distortions, and aberrant eating...

... Growth Early nutrition Human milk Standardized feeding protocol Key Messages Most preterm infants are appropriate for gestational age at birth but experience postnatal growth faltering. A combined approach of early enteral and parenteral nutrition is necessary to optimize...

..., advancements in prenatal and neonatal care during the last decades have markedly improved the survival and outcomes of preterm infants, particularly of very and extremely preterm infants, leading to an increased focus on the importance of adequate nutritional support for growth, functional outcomes...

... Chronic kidney disease Short stature Supplements Protein Energy Enteral feeding Obesity Key Messages Short stature is a common complication of chronic kidney disease. Decreased nutritional intake is the best described cause of poor growth and worsens as the glomerular...

..., including laboratory biomarkers, dietary assessment, and clinical review. Introduction Assessment of the nutritional status of a sick or heathy child requires a multimodal approach. In this process, laboratory biomarkers are important to ascertain deficiency or excess in the intake of energy...

... Obesity Malnutrition Food allergy Double burden Children Nutrition Transitional countries Key Messages This review will focus on obesity, malnutrition, and food allergies for children in transitional countries. The double burden of malnutrition is a prominent public health...

...) and are endowed with less hemoglobin pigment (hypochromic) or pigment density (microcytic-hypochromic); but neither the red cell indices nor the appearance on a peripheral blood smear slide are reliable arbiters of an iron-deficiency origin. A more profound understanding of nutritional and non-nutritional origins...

... a focus on survival and avoidance of severe complications, to a focus on quality of survival and later outcome. This led to an increased attention to nutritional care of preterm infants, since considerable evidence has shown that the quality of nutrition of preterm infants is not only related to infant...

...Key Messages Meeting physiological nutrient requirements should maintain normal health and development. In preterm infants, a lack of conclusive data results in considerable uncertainty on the acceptable range of nutrient intakes. Introduction Meeting the nutritional needs...