... fine-needle aspiration (FNA) procedures. Therefore, it is important to recognize the cytology of normal benign components of the pancreas and potential contaminants in order to render a correct diagnosis and avoid pitfalls. Normal components of the pancreas include ductal epithelial cells, acinar cells...

...Hints of Breast Anatomy and Histology The mammary gland is located before the pectoral muscle and covered by skin. Normally, there are two mammary glands, one on either side of the sternum, but breast tissue or nipples may occur anywhere along the embryonic milk lines. The breast consists...

... and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Electron microscopic examinations are most useful in the diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (Birbeck granule) and selected cases of osteosarcoma (osteoid). Normal Elements and the Cytologic Features of Reactive Changes in Bone The normal cells that may...

... of early-life exposures and clinical practices, which may interfere with the normal compositional development of gut microbiota and thereby carry a risk of future disease. Josef Neu discussed dysbiosis in the neonatal period focusing on the mode of delivery. In point of fact, the rate of cesarean...

... (5.0-7.5 MHz) or using convex transducers. However, the lower portions of thyroid lobes in the case of large mediastinal goiters or ectopic parathyroids may be hidden to US assessment. Despite these limits, US remains the first-line technique for the evaluation of normal and abnormal thyroid...

... hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have helped to explore the genetic determinants of the normal variation in pubertal timing, but have been able to explain only 2.7% of the variance in age at menarche, highlighting the involvement of multiple genes with small effect sizes...

... of the heart. This, in turn, provides crucial information when we seek to understand the normal development of the heart and, as a corollary, the causes of cardiac malformations. The question, nonetheless, justifiably arises whether this is of clinical relevance at all, the more because the general building...

... the structural and biological properties of normal hair. Although these study efforts have afforded a standard upon which to base comparisons, details surrounding other hair types, such as aging hair, have not been studied with such intensity. Those who have experienced aging hair first-hand are able to describe...

... treatment in the current human thyroid system. In this first chapter an attempt will be undertaken to introduce normal thyroid physiology with an emphasis on thyroid evolution. The various diseases of the thyroid, especially the different variants of congenital hypothyroidism, which are linked...

...Highlights 1. Normal components in EBUS-TBNA include bronchial and tracheal tissue contamination, such as bronchial epithelial cells, reserve cells, goblet cells, squamous metaplastic cells, alveolar macrophages, mucus, cartilage, minor salivary gland-like tissue, and inflammatory cells...

... and disease’ consistent with the so-called Barker hypothesis [ 6 ]. Here, our option is to discuss normal female pubertal development in the light of fetal determinants, considering that puberty and its timing reflect interactions between genetic and environmental factors early in life. Clinical Aspects...

... of this condition to inflammation. This chapter examines the relationship between body composition and select adipocytokines: leptin, adiponectin, IL-6, TNF-α, and resistin, in overweight, normal weight and anorexic youth. Leptin, which stimulates energy expenditure and promotes satiety, is highest in overweight...

... Abstract Knowledge of the normal anatomy of the airways in childhood is essential for any bronchoscopist undertaking paediatric studies. There are important anatomical differences that occur with growth, and normal variants need to be recognized. This chapter reviews the airway nomenclature...