... Abstract Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) has been used for its analgesic effects for chronic pain, including facial pain. Here, we summarize how the electrical stimulation of branches of the trigeminal nerve via TENS has been utilized to reduce pain resulting from trigeminal...

... Abstract Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS) is a novel, minimally invasive and useful treatment modality. Its use in complex facial pain has been on the rise, and its utility will further increase with the advances in the technology and renewed interest in the field of peripheral...

... Abstract Trigeminal branch stimulation is a type of peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) used to treat a variety of craniofacial pain disorders. Common indications include trigeminal neuralgia, trigeminal neuropathic pain, trigeminal deafferentation pain, trigeminal postherpetic neuralgia...

... Abstract The introduction of peripheral neuromodulation to treat headache and facial pain two decades ago opened up the field to non-neurosurgical practitioners, given the relatively low risk and technical ease of the procedure. These procedures, primarily occipital nerve stimulation (ONS...

... Abstract Since its original introduction several decades ago, peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) of the craniofacial region has been traditionally performed using devices intended for spinal cord stimulation applications with inevitably high rate of technical challenges and procedural...

... for peripheral nerve stimulation, available until the last decade, utilised frequencies in the range 1–100 Hz. With the commercial introduction of 10-kHz spinal cord stimulation, there has been renewed interest in peripheral applications of kHz frequency neuromodulation. High-frequency biphasic stimulation...

... Abstract Approximately 2% of congenital profound deafness cases are due to cochlear nerve (CN) deficiency. MRI is essential to confirm if the nerve is deficient, but because of limitations with resolution, especially when the internal auditory canal is narrowed, it is often unable...

...Schwannoma Schwannoma is a benign nerve sheath tumor composed of Schwann cells. They are typically encapsulated and arise sporadically in the superficial or, less often, the deep soft tissues of the head and neck and the limbs. Schwannomas arise occasionally in the retroperitoneum, posterior...

... functional issues. With the advent of upper airway stimulation, and in particular hypoglossal nerve stimulation as a treatment option, a highly effective, clinically proven and functional therapy with good evidence is available. This article gives a comprehensive overview of current and upcoming hypoglossal...

... Abstract Facial nerve monitoring has been increasingly routinely used as an intraoperative adjunctive method to help the head and neck surgeon to identify and minimize facial nerve injury during parotid surgery. The goals, current applications, recent technical advances, and limitations...

... of the front during World War I (WWI) contributed to a dramatic increase in knowledge about peripheral nerve injuries. Silas Weir Mitchell's original experience with respect to these injuries, and particularly causalgia, during the American Civil War was further expanded in Europe during WWI. Following...

... Abstract Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) has been in use for over 50 years to treat patients suffering from chronic pain who have failed conservative treatments. Despite this long history, the devices being used have changed very little. In fact, current PNS technology was developed...

... Abstract Despite a myriad of medical and surgical treatments for epilepsy developed over the past few decades, a large subset of patients remains refractory to treatment. Over this time period, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has become an accepted and viable treatment modality...

... Abstract Chronic stimulation of the left vagus nerve (VNS) is commonly performed for different clinical conditions such as refractory epilepsy in children and adults, and major and bipolar depression. Despite more than 20 years of cumulative experience with VNS implantation, various surgery...

... for surgery or failed surgery. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) might be an option for these very refractory patients. We carried out an evidence-based search to identify the best evidence presently available related to the use of VNS. We used multiple searchable databases (primary: PubMed-MEDLINE, EMBASE...

... Abstract Stimulation of the left vagus nerve is a novel antidepressive therapy that relies upon the vagal projections to the brain stem to modulate brain circuits involved in mood regulation. There is cumulative evidence from prospective and long-term studies that has demonstrated tolerability...

... Abstract Phrenic nerve stimulation is a technique used to reanimate the diaphragm of patients with central nervous system etiologies of respiratory insufficiency. Current clinical indications include congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, spinal cord injury above C4, brain stem injury...

... and heart failure despite the wide availability of therapeutic agents and dietary and lifestyle modification. Device-based therapy by baroreflex activation via carotid sinus/nerve stimulation is currently undergoing investigation, and promising findings from clinical trials have been published. Baroreflex...

... of hypoglossal nerve stimulation. We also review results of published clinical studies with several hypoglossal stimulation devices that are being investigated today. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation appears to be a very promising treatment for patients with moderate-to-severe OSA. If its efficacy is confirmed...