... Abstract The vascular supply of this small brainstem structure is complex. Although midbrain infarcts and particularly hemorrhages are uncommon, their clinical manifestations are diverse mainly because the vertical gaze centers and two of three nuclei of the extraocular muscles lie primarily...

..., may have a high localizing value. The most complex EMAs are due to midbrain stroke. Horizontal gaze disorders, some of them manifesting unusual patterns, may occur in pontine stroke. Distinct varieties of nystagmus occur in cerebellar and medullary stroke. This review summarizes the most...

...References References 1. Bogousslavsky J, Maeder P, Regli F, Meuli R: Pure midbrain infarction: clinical syndromes, MRI, and etiologic patterns. Neurolog 1994;44:2032-2040 2. Kumral E, Bayulkem G, Akyol A, Yunten N, Sirin H, Sagduyu A: Mesencephalic and associated posterior circulation...

... and strong sensorimotor controllers that are in many ways operationally similar to classic subcortical movement controllers, such as midbrain dopamine neurons. While a scientific definition of “arousal” is still lacking, the subsecond-scale sensorimotor control by orexin neurons could be viewed...

... midbrain infarction with or without thalamic lesion. The classical clinical triad after thalamomesencephalic infarcts is hypersomnolence, cognitive deficits and vertical oculomotor paresis. Two main arterial groups arise from P2: infarction in the territory of the thalamogeniculate arteries causes severe...

... in the distal vertebral artery and basilar artery that often causes medullary and pontine infarction syndromes, mostly by way of branch occlusion. Posterior cerebral artery atherosclerosis produces pure midbrain or thalamic infarction through branch occlusion. Artery to artery embolisms from posterior fossa...

... biomarkers in prodromal and preclinical phases of the disease, as well as in DLB. Rates of ventricular expansion also perform well in FTD, although regional frontal and temporal measurements could also be useful. Rates of midbrain atrophy provide the most feasible MRI biomarker in PSPS. In contrast, PD...

... in nociceptive processing and bringing pain into awareness. There are profound interconnections between areas processing sensory, emotional and cognitive information. Descending pathways from cortical areas to the midbrain and spinal levels can facilitate or inhibit spinal nociceptive information and thereby...

... Abstract Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by an accumulation of α-synuclein inclusion bodies (i.e. Lewy bodies) and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. As the disease progresses, medullary structures, the limbic system, the forebrain...

... Abstract Hearing impairment, although uncommon, may occur in patients with a vertebrobasilar artery occlusion disease. The pathogenesis may be an ischemic lesion involving the auditory pathways in the pons and midbrain, the cochlear nucleus, cochlear nerve or the cochlea. The AICA and IAA...

... an interneuron across the midline and up the contralateral medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) to the left medial rectus subnucleus of the 3rd nerve nuclear complex in the midbrain [ 7 ]. There is also a separate direct input to the medial rectus from VNu (Deiter's tract), which may carry translational signals...

... persistent avoidance of stimuli that they have learned are harmful [ 4 ]. A fear response, and conditioned avoidance are found in all vertebrates. These phenomena are mediated by the midbrain, or mesencephalon, and do not necessarily require higher cortical processes [ 5 ]. Proximal threats activate...

... P, Hu F, Barger Z, Ren Y, Ding X, et al: An excitatory circuit in the perioculomotor midbrain for non-REM sleep control. Cell 2019;177:1293–1307.e16. 25. Morairty SR, Dittrich L, Pasumarthi RK, Valladao D, Heiss JE, Gerashchenko D, et al: A role for cortical nNOS/NK1 neurons in coupling...

... receptor expression in the rat midbrain periaqueductal gray are essential for eliciting sex differences in morphine analgesia. J Neurosci 2008;28:14007-14017 15. Stoffel EC, Ulibarri CM, Craft RM: Gonadal steroid hormone modulation of nociception, morphine antinociception and reproductive indices...

... transient hemiparesis and hemihypesthesia; apraxia, aphasia, and amnesia have also been described. The thalamus is a subcortical structure which includes gray-matter nuclei. The right and left thalamus are located at the top of the midbrain, which have a strategic function since they are a major...

... midbrain lesions. Neurology 2002;59:1956-1964. 26. Thurtell MJ, Leigh RJ: Therapy for nystagmus. J Neuroophthalmol 2010;30:361-371. 27. Strupp M, Brandt T: Current treatment of vestibular, ocular motor disorders and nystagmus. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2009;2:223-239. 28. Claassen J, Spiegel R...

...:723-738 14. Loyd DR, Wang X, Murphy AZ: Sex differences in micro-opioid receptor expression in the rat midbrain periaqueductal gray are essential for eliciting sex differences in morphine analgesia. J Neurosci 2008;28:14007-14017 15. Stoffel EC, Ulibarri CM, Craft RM: Gonadal steroid hormone...