.... This chapter focuses on the importance of novel biomarkers: microRNA and microRNA inhibitors; DNA methylation and epigenetics, and immunotherapy and virotherapy to develop novel treatments for NETs. Novel Biomarkers Our understanding of neuroendocrine tumor (NET) biology and treatments has changed...

... MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small 21-25 nucleotide-long non-coding RNAs that have emerged as key negative post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression [ 1 , 2 ]. Currently there are more than 700 mammalian miRNAs that can potentially target up to one-third of protein-coding human genes [ 1...

... Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that downregulate translation of mRNAs into proteins by specifically binding the 3′-untranslated regions (UTRs). miRNAs are deregulated in many cancer types, including neuroblastoma, and constitute a separate and potentially aberrant instance...

... Abstract Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA species approximately 22 nucleotides in length. MicroRNAs repress the translation of target mRNAs or degrade target mRNAs. Studies have shown that miRNAs are implicated in extensive cellular processes and are important...

... Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that function as fundamental regulators of gene and protein expression by RNA interference. Currently, miRNAs are being investigated as diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as potential therapeutic targets in transplantation...

... Abstract Human milk contains a wide variety of bioactive components, including long-chain fatty acids, complex oligosaccharides, and bioactive proteins. More recently, it was discovered that breast milk also contains exosomes, i.e., microvesicles containing microRNAs (miRNAs) with sizes of ∼22...

... with CKD, provide new light in the understanding of the molecular events underlying cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular calcification, and possibly be used as a treatment strategy to prevent these diseases. MicroRNAs as Biomarkers: Lessons from Oncology It has now been a decade and a half...

...References References 1. Admyre C, Johansson SM, Qazi KR , et al: Exosomes with immune modulatory features are present in human breast milk. J Immunol 2007;179:1969-1978. 2. Winter J, Jung S, Keller S, et al: Many roads to maturity: microRNA biogenesis pathways and their regulation. Nat...

...References References 1. Schulte JH, Horn S, Schlierf S, Schramm A, Heukamp LC, Christiansen H, et al: MicroRNAs in the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma. Cancer Lett 2009;274:10-15. 2. Stallings RL: MicroRNA involvement in the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma: potential for microRNA mediated...

...References References 1. Bartel DP: MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions. Cell 2009;136:215-233. 2. van Rooij E: The art of microRNA research. Circ Res 2011;108:219-234. 3. Guo H, Ingolia NT, Weissman JS, Bartel DP: Mammalian microRNAs predominantly act to decrease...

...References References 1. Harris A, Krams SM, Martinez OM: MicroRNAs as immune regulators: implications for transplantation. Am J Transplant 2010;10:713-719. 2. Rodriguez A, Vigorito E, Clare S, Warren MV, Couttet P, Soond DR, van Dongen S, Grocock RJ, Das PP, Miska EA, et al: Requirement...

..., Ingolia NT, Weissman JS, Bartel DP: Mammalian microRNAs predominantly act to decrease target mRNA levels. Nature 2000;466:835-840. 5. Vasudevan S, Tong Y, Steitz JA: Switching from repression to activation: microRNAs can up-regulate translation. Science 2007;318:1931-1934. 6. Place RF, Li LC...

...References References 1. Bartell DP: MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, and function. Cell 2004;116:281-297 2. Guarnieri DJ, DiLeone RJ: MicroRNAs: a new class of gene regulators. Ann Med 2008;40:197-208 3. Ventura A, Jacks T: MicroRNAs and cancer: short RNAs go a long way. Cell...

...References References 1. John B, Enright AJ, Aravin A, Tuschl T, Sander C, Marks DS: Human MicroRNA targets. PLoS Biol 2004;2:e363. 2. Murchison EP, Hannon GJ: miRNAs on the move: miRNA biogenesis and the RNAi machinery. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2004;16:223-229. 3. Kato M, Zhang J, Wang M...

... In this session, new data on concentrations of micronutrients in human milk and factors affecting their concentrations were presented. Further, the physiological significance of bioactive factors in human milk such as proteins, oligosaccharides, microRNAs, and milk fat globule membranes (MFGM...

... activity. These microRNAs maintain a number of feedback loops within the TLR pathway, forming a fine balance of control. Dysregulation of TLR-regulated miRNAs within immune cells often leads to disease, underscoring their importance within the TLR pathway. miRNAs are short sequences of non-coding...

...-NETS: what can we expect in the future? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2014;33:367-372. 11. Garzon R, Marcucci G, Croce CM: Targeting microRNAs in cancer: rationale, strategies and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010;9:775-789. 12. Di Leva G, Croce CM: miRNA profiling of cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev...

... extracellular vesicles – Circulating biopsies reflecting placental health. Placenta 2017;52:134–138. 43. Ouyang Y, Mouillet JF, Coyne CB, Sadovsky Y: Review: placenta-specific microRNAs in exosomes – good things come in nano-packages. Placenta 2014;35(suppl):S69–S73. 44. Lai EC: Micro RNAs...

... Chem 2016;408:705-719. 22. Krol J, Loedige I, Filipowicz W: The widespread regulation of microRNA biogenesis, function and decay. Nat Rev Genet 2010;11:597-610. 23. Kumarswami R, Thum T: Non-coding RNAs in Cardiac Remodeling and Heart Failure. Circ Res 2013;113:676-689. 24. Mitchel PS...

... permeability of insulin across human nasal epithelial cells. Drug Deliv 2015;2:1-8. 11. Miyata R, Kakuki T, Nomura K, Ohkuni T, Ogasawara N, Takano KI, Konno T, Kohno T, Sawada N, Himi T, Kojima T: Poly(I:C) induced microRNA-146a regulates epithelial barrier and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines...