... proinflammatory function in response to repeated infectious insults - a concept known as “innate immune memory.” In turn, we hypothesize that microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the brain, are also capable of retaining long-term memory of infectious and noninfectious insults, including stress...

... ]. Interestingly, the critical development period including the seeding of our core microbiota and the development of the bacterial community in our gut occurs in parallel with the growth, maturation, and sprouting of neurons in the young brain, including microglia [ 7 , 8 ], and a similar profile is evident...

... neuroinflammatory signals. Microglia, CNS macrophages, and astrocytes are the primary immune cells that reside in the CNS ( fig.3 ). Communication between the CNS and immune system is facilitated through humoral and neuronal pathways that transmit inflammatory signals ( fig.4 ). Collectively, the BBB, resident CNS...

... Psychiatry 2014;5:34. 23. Streit WJ, Xue QS: Life and death of microglia. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2009;4:371-379. 24. Kim SU, de Vellis J: Microglia in health and disease. J Neurosci Res 2005;81:302-313. 25. Tremblay ME, Stevens B, Sierra A, Wake H, Bessis A, Nimmerjahn A: The role of microglia...

... diseases, including many neurodegenerative diseases, type 2 diabetes and amyloidopathies are also linked to misfolded proteins and are sometimes unifyingly called proteinopathies [ 3 ]. It has become clear that immune processes are an integral part of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia...

... Abstract It has become clear that glial cells play a major role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. There are three main glial cell populations in the brain, (1) astrocytes, (2) oligodendrocytes and (3) microglia, and all three glial populations have been implicated in this disorder...

... structure of neurons, and extracellular β-amyloid plaques [ 12 ]. The deposition of β-amyloid in the brain activates microglia which release proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines [ 13 ]. Thus, current evidence suggests that brain inflammation is a pathological feature of Alzheimer disease that results...

... of system-wide inflammatory processes including those occurring within thecentral nervous system. During normal aging a progressive neuroinflammatory state builds inthe brain involving astrocytes and microglia, the primary cellular components of neuroinflammation.DR attenuates the age-related activation...

... as their implications for neuroprogression, including those for microglial activation, astroglial activation, monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) level, and glutamate dysregulation. Microglial Activation Microglia are present throughout the brain and are important in the immune surveillance system in the central nervous...

... by Blaylock and Maroon [ 1 ] in 2011, this hypothesis links mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) to two separate inflammatory pathways mediated by brain-based reactive microglia and the neurotoxic effects of extracellular glutamine. This chapter highlights the common etiology of these three neurological...

... microglia derive from primitive macrophages. Science 2010;330:841-845 28. Tremblay ME, Stevens B, Sierra A, Wake H, Bessis A, et al: The role of microglia in the healthy brain. J Neurosci 2011;31:16064-16069 29. Nimmerjahn A, Kirchhoff F, Helmchen F: Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic...

... in understanding host defense. Nat Immunol 2015;16:675-679. 10. Tremblay ME, Sierra A: Microglia in Health and Disease. New York, Springer, 2014. 11. Bakunina N, Pariante CM, Zunszain PA: Immune mechanisms linked to depression via oxidative stress and neuroprogression. Immunology 2015, Epub ahead of print...

... solitarius and hypothalamus [ 10 , 11 ]. Once in the brain, the pro-inflammatory cytokines activated both neuronal and non-neuronal (e.g. the microglia, astrocytes and oligodendroglia) cells via the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) cascade in a similar manner to that occurring in the peripheral inflammatory...

..., Mrak RE, Griffin WS: Microglia and neuroinflammation: a pathological perspective. J Neuroinflammation 2004;1:14 21. Prinz M, Mildner A: Microglia in the CNS: immigrants from another world. Glia 2011;59:177-187 22. Aloisi F: Immune function of microglia. Glia 2001;36:165-179 23. Dickson DW...

... vein occlusion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014;252:257-265. 18. Schafer DP, et al: Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner. Neuron 2012;74:691-705. 19. Stamer WD, Bok D, Hu J, Jaffe GJ, McKay BS: Aquaporin-1 channels in human retinal...

...References References 1. Kreutzberg GW: Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS. Trends Neurosci 1996;19:312-318. 2. Gehrmann J, Matsumoto Y, Kreutzberg GW: Microglia: intrinsic immuneffector cell of the brain. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1995;20:269-287. 3. Carbonell WS...

... is the activation of retinal glia cells (RGC). RGC include microglia and macroglial cells (Müller cells and astrocytes). Activated RGC release cytotoxic substances responsible for the recruitment of leukocytes, blood-retinal barrier breakdown, direct glial dysfunction, and neuronal cell death. Recently, many...

... Abstract Gene therapy for rare inherited neurologic diseases has entered the clinics. One strategy relies upon the replacement of brain microglia using hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy with lentiviral vectors. Therapeutic success using this approach has been obtained in X-linked...

... inflammatory process is detected in the trigeminal spinal nucleus, including activation of astrocytes, microglia and neurons. This complex neurologic reaction to tooth movement mediates orthodontic pain and also serves a source of neurogenic inflammation exhibited in the trigeminal spinal nucleus...