... factors are responsible for cognitive, affective and behavioral dysfunction can be traced back to antiquity. Hippocrates, about 400 BC, formulated the concept of black bile which he held responsible for melancholia, and was associated with the autumn season - shades of seasonal affective disorder perhaps...

... effects of the neurohypophyseal hormones and related peptides. Front Neuroendocrinol 1993;14:251-302 3. Pariante CM, Lightman SL: The HPA axis in major depression: classical theories and new developments. Trends Neurosci 2008;31:464-468 4. Dinan TG, Scott LV: Anatomy of melancholia: focus...

...), which contributed to preserve its peculiar, mysterious, and striking aura. Epidemiology Although he considered ideas of negation quite frequent in melancholia and other conditions, Séglas [ 11 ] - who greatly contributed to popularizing the condition, not the least by naming the condition after...

... at that time, Hofer was aware of Schweizerheimweh (‘pain of Swiss', or Helvetica melancholia ), which affected Swiss mercenaries who served in France and in Italy. The symptoms that characterized these diseases, caused by physical and emotional exhaustion, and that prevented mercenaries from being efficient...

... T, Lunde M, Fava M: A validation analysis of two self-reported HAM-D6 versions. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009;119:298-303 22. Bent-Hansen J, Bech P: Validity of the definite and semidefinite questionnaire version of the Hamilton depression scale, the Hamilton subscale and the Melancholia scale. I...

... and increased risk for major depression with melancholia. Hum Genet 1998;103:319-322 20. Willeit M, Praschak-Rieder N, Neumeister A, Zill P, Leisch F, Stastny J, Hilger E, Thierry N, Konstantinidis A, Winkler D, Fucks K, Sieghart W, Aschauer H, Ackenheil M, Bondy B, Kasper S: A polymorphism (5-HTTLPR...

... by Philippe Pinel in 1806. He succeeded in establishing more appropriate asylums than prisons, and strongly advocated a scientific approach in the field of dementia in France and all over the world. He distinguished 4 mental disorders (melancholia, mania, idiotism, and dementia). He insisted on forgetfulness...

... in Byzantium. Orvostort Kozl 2010;56:171–185. 13. Contreras Mas A: Libro de la Melancholía by Andrés Velázquez (1585). Part 1. The intellectual origins of the book. Hist Psychiatry 2003;14:25–40. 14. Karenberg A, Hort I: Medieval descriptions and doctrines of stroke: preliminary analysis of select...

...:575–577. 14. Phillips JGP: The treatment of melancholia by the lactic acid bacillus. J Ment Sci 1910;56:422–430. 15. Foster JA, McVey Neufeld K-A: Gut-brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. Trends Neurosci 2013;36:305–312. 16. Hegstrand LR, Hine RJ: Variations...

... in the gastro-intestinal tract” as the most important contributors to this relationship. Early in the 20th century, Phillips [ 14 ] reported positively on the use of a probiotic treatment (lactic acid bacillus) to improve melancholia. While the results of these early clinical studies fell out of fashion...

... in major depression: classical theories and new developments. Trends Neurosci 2008;31:464-468 4. Dinan TG, Scott LV: Anatomy of melancholia: focus on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis overactivity and the role of vasopressin. J Anat 2005;207:259-264 5. Aguilera G, Rabadan-Diehl C...

... [Guerreiro, 1992]. Altough some critics argue that depressive mood may explain the skepticism and melancholia in the work of Machado de Assis, these characteristics were also common in other Realistic writers [Teive, 2017]. Finally, it is inevitable to compare Machado de Assis (1839-1908) with two other...

... scales for depression (HAM-D, the Melancholia Scale for clinicians, the Center for Epidemiological Studies as well as the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale for patient ratings), while there are around 15 self-rating scales for anxiety. Scales for specific anxiety profiles such as panic, social phobia...

..., Rosa A, Bertranpetit J, Vieta E, Fañanás L: Variability in the serotonin transporter gene and increased risk for major depression with melancholia. Hum Genet 1998;103:319-322 20. Willeit M, Praschak-Rieder N, Neumeister A, Zill P, Leisch F, Stastny J, Hilger E, Thierry N, Konstantinidis A, Winkler...

... switched from the concept of a unique form of mental alienation with the four different symptoms established by Pinel and Esquirol (mania, melancholia, monomania, dementia) to several distinct ‘mental diseases’, also introducing evolution in the definition of the different forms of alienation [ 2...

... ]. By the end of the 17th century a cascade of socially acceptable labels had joined melancholia and hysteria: vapors, swooning, attacks of the spleen, and hypochondria. In J. Harris's Lexicon Technicum. (1704), vapors were ‘the Disease called otherwise Hysterick, or Hypochondriack Fits, or Melancholy...