... Abstract Intravascular leukostasis is observed in the lungs of patients undergoing extracorporeal hemodialysis with cellophane membrane dialyzers, and we have been able to document that the accumulation of granulocyte plugs in the lung is mediated by complement activation triggered by dialyzer...

... to contribute to reduced AGE functions as well. Studies in support of this concept showed that PEDF or pyridoxal phosphate, an AGE inhibitor, decreased retinal levels of 8-OHdG, an oxidative stress marker, and subsequently suppressed ICAM-1 gene expression and retinal leukostasis in diabetic rats [ 44...

... generation. Diabetologia 2003;46:284-287 44. Yamagishi S, Matsui T, Nakamura K, Takeuchi M, Imaizumi T: Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) prevents diabetes- or advanced glycation end products (AGE)-elicited retinal leukostasis. Microvasc Res 2006;72:86-90 45. Matsuoka N, Ogata N, Minamino M...

...: comparison of current and future agents. Eye (Lond) 2008;22:1330-1336. 27. Cao J, Song H, Renard RA, et al: Systemic or intravitreal administration of VEGF Trap suppresses vascular leak and leukostasis in the retinas of diabetic rats (e-abstract). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006;47:1745. 28. Stewart...

... oxidase activity or stimulated ROS formation in response to Ang II [ 54 – 56 ]. There is also direct evidence that Ang II-induced oxidative stress plays a role in diabetic retinopathy, e.g. by promoting VEGF expression and leukostasis [ 56 , 76 , 77 ]. Moreover, oxidative stress has been shown...

... of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 1998;341:309-315. 13. Tamura H, Miyamoto K, Kiryu J, et al: Intravitreal injection of corticosteroid attenuates leukostasis and vascular leakage in experimental diabetic retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci...

... Forrester JV: Inducible nitric oxide synthase isoform is a key mediator of leukostasis and blood-retinal barrier breakdown in diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:5257-5265 30. Mizuno S Nishiwaki A Morita H Miyake T Ogura Y: Effects of periocular administration of triamcinolone...

..., Adamis AP: Prevention of leukostasis and vascular leakage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy via intercellular adhesion molecule-1 inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:10836-10841 41. Zhang J, Gerhardinger C, Lorenzi M: Early complement activation and decreased levels...

..., edema of the macula, and eventual fibrosis. Cellular studies reveal activation of microglia [ 29 , 30 , 31 ] and leukostasis [ 41 ]. Together, these clinical and laboratory-based studies leave little doubt as to the presence of inflammation in DR, even though it is much more insidious than the uveitis...

... in uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005;46:4251-4259 20. Leal E Manivannan A Hosoya K , et al: Inducible nitric oxide synthase isoform is a key mediator of leukostasis and blood-reinal barrier breakdown in diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:5257-5265 21. van Kooij B...

.... AMA Arch Ophthalmol 1953;50:123-124. 41. Barouch FC, Miyamoto K, Allport JR, et al: Integrin-mediated neutrophil adhesion and retinal leukostasis in diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000;41:1153-1158. 42. Reiter CE, Sandirasegarane L, Wolpert EB, et al: Characterization of insulin signaling...

... of adhesion molecules (P-selectin, E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1). Leukocytes increase leukostasis, which is one of the first histological changes in diabetic retinopathy, with it occurring prior to any apparent clinical pathology; adherent leukocytes...

... oxidized-glycated LDL, saturated free fatty acids, upregulation of protein kinase C, and focal leukostasis [ 65 , 66 , 70 – 77 ]. Tight Junction Disassembly Disassembly of the TJs is frequently observed and leads to barrier breakdown in various pathologic conditions. This can be attributed...

... that diabetic retinopathy may be linked to the upregulation of not only VEGF, but also inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, ICAM-1, and different isoforms of ILs (Koleva-Georgieva et al., 2011) 65 . These cytokines may contribute to leukostasis, and in the long term to ischemia. Any pharmacological agent that can...

... oxide synthase isoform is a key mediator of leukostasis and blood-retinal barrier breakdown in diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:5257-5265. 31. Mizuno S, Nishiwaki A, Morita H, Miyake T, Ogura Y: Effects of periocular administration of triamcinolone acetonide on leukocyte...

... and IL-6 (van Kooij et al., 2006; Probst et al., 2004; Curnow et al., 2005 ) 17 - 19 . Vascular leakage also results from endothelial cell damage as a result of leukostasis mediated by adhesion molecules, and nitric oxide (Leal et al., 2007) 20 . The inherent vascular competence of the retina...

... SE, Rohan R, Murata T, Clermont AC, Aiello LP, Ogura Y, Adamis AP: Prevention of leukostasis and vascular leakage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy via intercellular adhesion molecule-1 inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:10836-10841 149. Adamis AP, Berman AJ: Immunological...

... ]. In experimental diabetes in the rat, the number of leukocytes adhering to the endothelial cells in the retinal vasculature was increased [ 148 ]. Increased leukocyte adhesion and leukostasis in the diabetic retina correlated with capillary occlusion and the disruption of the blood-retinal barrier resulting...

.... For example, STZ-induced diabetic C57BL6 or Ins2 Akita mice exhibit lesions of early stage of diabetic retinopathy, including an increase in vascular permeability, a modest increase in acellular capillaries, leukostasis, and thinner layers of the inner plexiform [ 24 , 25 ]. However, these models do...