.... Both underfeeding and overfeeding have negative consequences. Enteral nutrition is the preferred route in patients with a functioning gastrointestinal tract. Enteral nutrition can be initiated within 24 h after admission to the pediatric intensive care unit in the majority of children. During...

... Abstract Most of chronic renal disease patients receive 4-h hemodialysis (HD) sessions thrice a week. This is the minimum therapy needed to maintain life. This conventional HD therapy protocol is, however, inadequate to prevent dialysis-related complications. On the other hand, some intensive...

... Intensive care Burn injury Energy expenditure Critical illness Nutritional support Key Messages • Malnutrition leads to increased morbidity and mortality in pediatric hospital patients, with particularly severe consequences in critically ill children • Both under...

... Abstract Malnutrition of critically ill patients is a widespread phenomenon in intensive care units (ICUs) worldwide. Lipid emulsions (LEs) are able to provide sufficient caloric support and essential fatty acids to correct the energy deficit and improve outcome. Furthermore, components of LEs...

... hyperinflammatory conditions and induced faster recovery. This chapter will shed light on the effects of intravenous fish oil in adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients and will discuss clinical data and recent meta-analyses on the topic. While significant beneficial effects on infection rates and the lengths...

... in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and during clinical trials. In the NICU settings the major difficulty in distinguishing between observed harms arising from the medical treatment or from underlying medical conditions is illustrated whereas for the clinical trials settings the differences...

... Abstract The acutely ill patient who requires admission to the intensive care unit is at risk for a number of potentially life-threatening disorders of gut motility. Predisposing and/or precipitating factors may include the underlying illness itself, recent surgery, sepsis and a variety...

... Abstract Hematologic abnormalities are common in children admitted to pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). Some are primary and related to the underlying hematologic disease in the child such as severe anemia in a young child with sickle cell disease and an acute splenic sequestration crisis...

... Abstract Intensive care patient nutritional therapy has been standardized by guidelines for decades. However, the same nutritional regimen to such a heterogeneous population seems a difficult task. These patients have various genotypes, numerous comorbidities, different severities and lengths...

.... Most studies evaluate oral supplementation in hospitalized patients and institutionalized elderly. The paucity of RCTs focusing on intensive care unit (ICU) nutrition in the support of wound healing and the prevention of pathologic healing precludes formulation of evidence-based guidelines...

... with diabetes. Since then, large trials assessing the effect of intensive glycemic control in the general diabetic population have provided strong evidence that intensive therapy reduces the incidence and progression of microvascular outcomes including microalbuminuria, a key early marker of diabetic...

... for in the paediatric or neonatal intensive-care units, and they usually require endotracheal intubation (or tracheostomy) and mechanical ventilation. Although the technique of the procedure and the equipment used do not differ from those used in the outpatient setting, the severity of illness and the lability...

... unstable children after cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med 2001;27:711-715 12. Lokhandwala MF, Barrett RJ: Cardiovascular dopamine receptors: physiological, pharmacological and therapeutic implications. J Auton Pharmacol 1982;2:189-215 13. Weber RR, McCoy CE, Ziemniak JA, Frederickson ED, Goldberg...

... Abstract Dysnatremias (hypo- and hypernatremia) are common in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with a prevalence approaching 20–30% in some studies. Recent data reveals that both hypo- and hypernatremia present on admission to or developing in the ICU are independent risk...

... Abstract Physician-performed pleural ultrasonography has assumed a prominent role in the evaluation and management of pleural disease in the intensive care unit (ICU). Sonography can be used to rapidly diagnose pneumothorax, to evaluate pleural effusions, and to differentiate parenchymal lung...