... Nutrient recommendations Nutrient requirements Upper levels of safe intake Extrapolation Interpolation Key Messages Nutrient requirements are estimated for populations based on specific criteria of nutritional adequacy, which requires informative data for each defined life-stage...

... predictor of dietary energy density and total energy intake and may influence bodyweight and obesity risk. Limiting dietary saturated fatty acid intakes and replacing them with mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids has beneficial effects on cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism and on health outcomes...

...Key Messages Advisable daily enteral and parenteral nutrient intake values for very low birth weight infants were derived based on a considered review of the available evidence and a formal consensus process with the authors contributing to this book. Different nutrient intake values...

... biodiversity, maturation degree, soil, and harvest season. Therefore, the use of low-quality FCT/FCDB to convert food consumption data into energy and nutrient intakes may introduce errors resulting in under- or overestimated intake for a certain component. These wrong conclusions may lead to inappropriate...

... Abstract The transition from risk factors in the first 1,000 days to childhood obesity occurs largely through the development of maladaptive eating behaviors that emerge early, remain stable, and support greater energy intake over time. We have examined the association between eating behaviors...

... Abstract The FITS (Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study) and KNHS (Kids Nutrition and Health Study) are large-scale cross-sectional surveys designed to explore eating patterns, nutrient intakes, and food sources of nutrients among infants and children. FITS and KNHS use data from national surveys...

... ready-to-eat cereal, contributes to overall nutrient intake and diet quality. However, the association of breakfast consumption and weight parameters or cognition in children is controversial. Finally, challenges, opportunities, and research gaps with breakfast studies are discussed. The question...

... Abstract The idea that early protein intake may influence, or program, long-term health in preterm infants is strongly supported by decades of research starting from the early 1980s. At this time, it was recognized that preterm infants required a high protein intake to achieve postnatal growth...

.../kg per day has been shown to be superior to lower intakes; however, the benefits of intakes above 2.5 g/kg per day remain controversial. Introduction Proteins are the major structural and functional components of body cells. They are made of chains of amino acids joined together by peptide...

... in nonbreastfed infants. Protein Intake and Growth In the early 1990s, a World Health Organization (WHO) working group documented lower weight gain and percent body fat between 5 and 12 months of age in infants who were exclusively breastfed for 4-6 months compared with formula-fed infants [ 1 ]. During...

... Assessment of an individual child Barriers to intake Barriers to absorption Detailed diet history Tailored advice Monitoring Key Messages • Assessment of dietary intake is essential in understanding the nutritional status of an individual child • Assessment of the barriers...

... Nutrient recommendations Nutrient requirements Upper safe levels of intake Extrapolation Interpolation Key Messages • Nutrient intake values (NIV) provide estimates on appropriate dietary substrate supply for populations of healthy people • The average nutrient requirement...

... Abstract Ranges of advisable nutrient intakes are presented for populations of fully enterally fed very low birth weight infants, based on current evidence and an intensive discussion with experts in July 2013. Recommended ranges of adequate nutrient intakes are expressed as amounts per...

... in mice knockout for MOR. MOR-KO mice are also insensitive to satiety induced by protein-enriched diets. In addition, portal infusions of MOR modulators have no effect on food intake in mice deficient for IGN. Thus, the regulation by portal MORs and peptides of a gut-brain neural circuit of induction...

... from milk fat and other ruminant products, the main sources of dietary BCFA, is more than 400 mg BCFA per day in adult Americans. This estimate exceeds by severalfold the average dietary intake of bioactive FA, such as docosahexaenoic acid. BCFA are bioactive, abundant but neglected components...

... Abstract Carbohydrate intake during prolonged exercise has been shown to increase endurance capacity and improve performance. Until recently, the advice was to ingest 30-60 g of carbohydrate per hour. The upper limit was based on studies that demonstrated that intakes greater than 60-70 g/h...

... and women during pregnancy and lactation. Animal milk is a rich source of calcium and, in countries where milk is fortified with vitamin D, a contributor to dietary vitamin D intake. Current evidence indicates that, in the human, there are physiological mechanisms that support the necessary calcium fluxes...

... Abstract Consumption of dairy products and their milk proteins increase satiety and reduce food intake and blood glucose response when consumed alone or with carbohydrate. Dairy proteins are of interest because proteins are more satiating than either carbohydrate or fat, and they regulate food...

... imbalance between intake of energy equivalents and their usage. It is hoped that understanding of the age-associated alterations in the regulation of food intake may lead to the development of potential therapeutic approaches. These approaches could counteract the disintegration of metabolic homeostasis...

... Abstract The results of extensive human and animal studies suggest that declining food intake and body weight observed in the later stages of life may be part of the normal progression of physiological decline observed during aging. Proposed etiologies cover a wide range of biological...