... Abstract Germline mutations of BMPR2 gene ( bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 ), or more rarely of ACVRL1 ( activin A receptor type II-like 1 ), ENG ( endoglin ), and Smad8 genes have been identified in patients displaying pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). BMPR2 , ACVRL1...

... Abstract Resistant hypertension is a failure to achieve a blood pressure (BP) goal of < 140/90 mm Hg despite treatment with at least three different antihypertensive medications classes at a maximally tolerated dose and including a diuretic. The most important systems that require alteration...

... Abstract Hypertensive disorders are one of the most common disorders that affect pregnant women. Preeclampsia (PE) complicates 4–6% of all pregnancies and is a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Both pregestational and gestational diabetes have a significant impact...

... behind the development of DN have not been completely elucidated, but both hemodynamic and metabolic factors seem to play important roles. The increased intra-glomerular pressure and hyperfiltration related to hyperglycemia and hypertension may partly explain the structural changes seen in DN. However...

... Abstract Hypertension and cardiovascular disease are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The prevalence of resistant hypertension remains high and is expected to increase. Moreover, there are limitations to therapeutic interventions aimed at treating resistant hypertension...

... Blood pressure Hypertension Sodium Potassium Body weight Physical activity Alcohol Key Messages • High blood pressure is a leading cause of death worldwide. • Nutritional and other lifestyle interventions can have beneficial effects on blood pressure and cardiovascular...

... produces elevated amounts of catecholamines. This chapter examines gender aspects concerning adrenal hormones, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Addison’s disease, adrenal tumors, and endocrine hypertension. It will also look at replacement therapy for women with androgen deficiency and hirsutism...

... Abstract Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension refers to causes of portal hypertension (PHT) other than cirrhosis which are pre-sinusoidal in nature. The major causes are extra-hepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) and congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF). Non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis also...

... Abstract The fourth World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension and the conjoint ERS/ESC guidelines revise previous classifications of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in order to accurately reflect information published over the past 5 years. PH has been defined as an increase in mean pulmonary...

... Abstract Vascular lesions found in lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension are probably responsible for the increase of pulmonary arterial pressures and share some peculiarities that appear characteristic. The fibrotic and proliferative lesions mainly concern small lung vessels...

... Abstract The most significant manifestations of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and poor quality of life. Mechanisms of exercise intolerance in PAH are clearly multifactorial and involve cardiac, respiratory, and peripheral muscle abnormalities. Exercise...

... Abstract Together with the improvement of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) management arises the need for adequate surrogate markers for treatment decision and follow-up. In this setting, biomarkers play a definitive role. A number of biomarkers addressing specific features...

... Abstract Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease leading to remodeling of small pulmonary arteries. The exact pathogenesis of PAH is uncertain; however, several risk factors are likely to contribute. These include inflammatory ‘hits’, such as a viral infection...

... Abstract Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is a rare and severe disease characterized by a progressive increase of pulmonary vascular resistance without demonstrable cause, always leading to right ventricular failure and premature death. Up to now, nearly all the knowledge about...

... Abstract Connective tissue diseases (CTD) are commonly complicated by pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) which is often the leading cause of death in this population. Despite recent advances in therapy for PAH in general, the response to treatment in patients with CTD, particularly patients...

... Abstract HIV is an independent risk factor for development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). PAH can complicate the course of HIV infection regardless of the route of HIV transmission, the stage of HIV infection, and the degree of immunosuppression. The clinical presentation...