... on the cause and severity of hypercortisolism, and is often associated with important side effects. In the majority of patients, endogenous chronic cortisol excess or Cushing's syndrome (CS) is due to an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenoma or Cushing's disease (CD). Other...

... Abstract Subclinical hypercortisolism (SH) is a condition of mild cortisol excess, found in the 5-30% of patients with adrenal incidentalomas, defined as silent adrenal masses diagnosed throughout radiological examinations performed for unrelated diseases. Generally, the diagnosis of SH...

... Abstract Primary adrenal hypercortisolism is mainly due to cortisol-producing adrenocortical adenomas, bilateral micronodular or macronodular disease, and adrenal carcinomas. Important advances in the pathophysiology of primary adrenal hypercortisolism have been made in the last few years...

... Abstract Skeletal fragility is a frequent complication of endogenous hypercortisolism, and fragility fractures may be the first clinical manifestation of the disease. Fractures involve more frequently the vertebrae and may occur in 30-50% of the patients exposed to glucocorticoid excess...

... Abstract It is generally assumed that endocrine ‘cure’ of hypercortisolism after successful treatment for Cushing’s syndrome (CS) is associated with reversal of increased morbidity and mortality, typical of the active disease. However, recent data do not support this idea; increased...

... of subclinical hypercortisolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:1223-1236. 3. Chiodini I, Mascia ML, Muscarella S, Battista C, Minisola S, Arosio M, Santini SA, Guglielmi G, Carnevale V, Scillitani A: Subclinical hypercortisolism among outpatients referred for osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:541-548...

... adrenocortical adenoma. However, androgen-secreting adrenal tumors (adenoma and carcinoma) can be also associated with severe hyperandrogenism. Regression of hypercortisolism after treatment causes disappearance of hyperandrogenism. However, signs of androgen excess may be detectable in well-controlled CS...

... Abstract Until the last decade, little was known about the effects of chronic hypercortisolism on the brain. In the last few years, new data have arisen thanks to advances in imaging techniques; therefore, it is now possible to investigate brain activity in vivo. Memory impairments are present...

... Abstract The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome is challenging to endocrinologists as patients often present with an insidious history, together with subtle external clinical features. Moreover, complications of endogenous hypercortisolism, such as visceral obesity, diabetes, hypertension...

...% of patients with Cushing's disease, characterized by chronic hypercortisolism, will develop frank diabetes mellitus and virtually all the remainder have some milder impairment of glucose metabolism, while the prevalence of diabetes mellitus during chronic glucocorticoid therapy is not known exactly...

... Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a rare and severe disease due to chronic glucocorticoid (GC) excess. Pituitary-dependent CS or Cushing's disease (CD) is the most common etiology of endogenous CS, accounting for roughly 70-80% of the cases of endogenous hypercortisolism [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. In CD, the cortisol excess...

..., which persist even long after hypercortisolism remission, account for the increased cardiovascular risk and greatly contribute to the increased mortality observed in patients with CS. The current review aims to discuss the main adverse effects of CS on metabolism and cardiovascular risk, focusing...

.... Pseudo-Cushing is the moniker applied to patients with features of hypercortisolism due to conditions other than adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- or cortisol-hypersecreting lesions. These lesions, i.e. pituitary or extrapituitary ACTH-secreting neoplasms, adrenal adenoma or carcinoma, nodular adrenal...

... with endogenous hypercortisolism: when and how? Osteoporos Int 2014;25:441-446. 10. Minetto M, Reimondo G, Osella G, Ventura M, Angeli A, Terzolo M: Bone loss is more severe in primary adrenal than in pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome. Osteoporos Int 2004;15:855-861. 11. Morelli V, Donadio F, Eller...

... Abstract Exercise represents a potent physiological stimulus upon the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. Two major factors modulate the HPA axis response to exercise: intensity and duration. Endurance training per se does not induce permanent hypercortisolism as endurance-trained...

... with defects of IGF1 , IGF1R or IGF2 show prenatal as well as postnatal growth retardation. Hypothyroidism or a thyroid hormone resistance cause growth failure, but the effect of hyperthyroidism on growth is modest. Hypercortisolism causes poor growth, while FGD caused by ACTH insensitivity is associated...

... from the daily oscillation of target tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids, as happens in trans-time zone travel and night shift work, produce functional hypercortisolism and, hence, multiple components of the metabolic syndrome with resultant cardiovascular complications. Glucocorticoids...

... hypercortisolism, but lack of cushingoid features. Second, at a tissue level, transient changes in GC sensitivity are present during disease. Transient changes in GC sensitivity of leukocytes during infectious diseases like sepsis have been found, but also acquired forms or GC resistance occur, in particular...

... of endogenous hypercortisolaemia [ 1 ]. The short- and long-term consequences of hypercortisolism dictate the necessity for the normalisation of cortisol levels. Surgical removal of the adenoma still represents the best first-line treatment, which may be followed by radiotherapy in cases of surgical failure...