... Abstract Background: The pathogenesis of anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) could be multifactorial. In recent animal studies, hepcidin knockout (KO) mice with adenine-induced CKD did not exhibit anemia and iron deficiency. Hepcidin has emerged as a major player in the development...

... Abstract Iron is needed for oxygen transport, muscle activity, mitochondrial function, DNA synthesis, and sensing of hypoxia. The hierarchical master determinant of dietary iron absorption and iron distribution within the body is the peptide hormone hepcidin. Hepcidin itself is regulated...

... in the target cells or decreased cellular responsiveness to the ability of differentiated cells to respond to stimulation by erythropoietin [ 3 ]. Furthermore, it has been reported that hepcidin, which regulates the iron metabolism, is increased in elderly patients due to changes in the secretion of sex...

.... The main regulator of iron metabolism is hepcidin, which is a peptide produced in the liver and was discovered in the year 2000. Although the transmembrane protein ferroportin (FPN) is solely responsible for transporting iron from liver cells, intestinal epithelia, and reticuloendothelial macrophages...

...References References 1. Ganz T: Systemic iron homeostasis. Physiol Rev 2013;93:1721-1741. 2. Nemeth E, Tuttle MS, Powelson J, et al: Hepcidin regulates cellular iron efflux by binding to ferroportin and inducing its internalization. Science 2004;306:2090-2093. 3. Drakesmith H...

... altered by ESA therapy. Hepcidin 25 is a key hormone of iron metabolism that regulates iron absorption from the gut and the release of stored iron out of reticuloendothelial system cells. Recently, erythroferrone has been identified as an erythroid suppressor of hepcidin 25 production. Because...

.... 7. Ferrucci L, Semba RD, Guralnik JM, Ershler WB, Bandinelli S, Patel KV, et al: Proinflammatory state, hepcidin, and anemia in older persons. Blood 2010;115:3810-3816. 8. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for anemia in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 2012;2:292-298. 9. Yamamoto H...

..., Territo M, et al: Hepcidin, a putative mediator of anemia of inflammation, is a type II acute-phase protein. Blood 2003;101:2461-2463. 13. Nemeth E, Tuttle MS, Powelson J, et al: Hepcidin regulates cellular iron efflux by binding to ferroportin and inducing its internalization. Science 2004;306:2090...

...-induced anemia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25: 901–916. 10. Kim A, Nemeth E: New insights into iron regulation and erythropoiesis. Curr Opin Hematol 2015; 22: 199–205. 11. Nakanishi T, Hasuike Y, Otaki Y, Kida A, Nonoguchi H, Kuragano T: Hepcidin: another culprit for complications...

..., Hasuike Y, Otaki Y, Kida A, Nonoguchi H, Kuragano T: Hepcidin: another culprit for complications in patients with chronic kidney disease? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011;26:3092–3100. 16. Kuragano T, Shimonaka Y, Kida A, Furuta M, Nanami M, Otaki Y, Hasuike Y, Nonoguchi H, Nakanishi T: Determinants...

... as hepcidin, which is produced by hepatocytes and circulated in plasma, is considered to play a central role in regulating the iron status [ 12 ]. Hepcidin binds to ferroportin, a cellular iron export channel protein, and causes the internalization and lysosomal degradation of ferroportin [ 13 ], which...

... was aggravated in MHD patients and was associated with serum hepcidin and TNF-α levels, which could inhibit iron exit from cells. With regard to bacterial infections, iron availability to these intracellular pathogens is critical for their growth. In particular, iron accumulation in cells and endosomes may...

... H, Iseki K, Tsubakihara Y: An overview of regular dialysis treatment in Japan (as of 31 December 2012). Ther Apher Dial 2014;18:535-602. 2. McCord JM: Iron, free radicals, and oxidative injury. Semin Hematol 1998;35:5-12. 3. Drakesmith H, Prentice AM: Hepcidin and the iron-infection axis...

... production of hematopoietic growth factors and possibly improvement of iron bioavailability. Where as inflammation stimulates synthesis of the liver-derived iron regulatory protein hepcidin, a recent study suggests that testosterone inhibits hepcidin synthesis, thus offering a possible novel mechanism...

... and infection. Int J Hematol 2018; 107: 7–15. 14. Kuragano T, Furuta M, Shimonaka Y, Kida A, Yahiro M, Otaki Y, Hasuike Y, Matsumoto A, Nakanishi T: The removal of serum hepcidin by different dialysis membranes. Int J Artif Organs 2013; 36: 633–639. 15. Kuragano T, Itoh K, Shimonaka Y, Kida A, Furuta M...

... (‘bronzed diabetes') and cirrhosis of the liver. When present, these features are associated with a reduced life expectancy and the possibility of hepatocellular carcinoma. It may be considered as an endocrine disorder where, instead of insulin, the peptide hepcidin is deficient, leading to an unregulated...

... in such models [ 11 ]. HIF and Iron Metabolism Approximately two-thirds of the iron in the body is present as Hb heme, while the remaining one-third accumulates in the liver in reticuloendothelial macrophages. Non-heme iron in the circulating blood is transported by transferrin. Hepcidin is a critical...

... 2009;17:847–850. 17. Jones E, Pasricha SR, Allen A, et al: Hepcidin is suppressed by erythropoiesis in hemoglobin E β-thalassemia and β-thalassemia trait. Blood 2015;125:873–880. 18. Feelders RA, Kuiper-Kramer EP, van Eijk HG: Structure, function and clinical significance of transferrin receptors...

..., Powelson J, Vaughn MB, Donovan A, Ward DM, Ganz T, Kaplan J: Hepcidin regulates cellular iron efflux by binding to ferroportin and inducing its internalization. Science 2004;306:2090-2093. 5. Bridle KR, Cheung TK, Murphy TL, Walters MM, Anderson GJ, Crawford DHG, Fletcher LM: Hepcidin is down-regulated...