... Abstract First described in 1875 by Schoenborn as an inferiorly based flap, the pharyngeal flap is the most common surgical procedure performed for velopharyngeal insufficiency. Having undergone numerous modifications since its conception, the pharyngeal flap is now primarily designed...

... Abstract The abdomen is an ample source of donor sites for a variety of flaps, including the jejunum, parts of the stomach, ileum, ileocolon, appendix, omentum, etc. The abdominal viscera can be used for reconstruction of the esophagus, voice tube, oral mucosa, urethra, ureter, vagina, uterine...

... site minimization has also become an important focus in flap designs. In flap selections, a cutaneous flap is the preferred option over a muscle flap, a perforator flap is preferred over a myocutaneous flap, and a fibula osteoseptocutaneous flap is preferred over an iliac and scapula osteocutaneous...

... Abstract A trampoline effect may occur mainly when a buttonhole tract and the vessel flap fail to form a straight line. Certain findings, however, suggest another cause is when the vessel flap is too small. The frequency of the trampoline effect, for example, is lower when a buttonhole tract...

... location within the velopharyngeal sphincter. A pharyngeal flap that is too low allows air to escape around it, and a port that is too large cannot be completely closed by medial movement of the lateral pharyngeal walls. Asymmetric lateral wall motion or a flap that is skewed to one side may result in air...

... of the soft palate and as an option for patients with anomalous carotid vasculature where pharyngeal flaps and sphincter pharyngoplasty are precarious. The primary aims of this chapter are to provide the clinician with indications for when to consider utilizing the Furlow palatoplasty and to give a stepwise...