... Abstract We here summarize evidence that thymic atrophy induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) can be mediated, at least in part, by damage to extrathymic T-cell precursors in bone marrow and fetal liver. This atrophy induction does not involve apoptotic mechanisms in thymocytes...

... that regulate immune homeostasis in the gut. In addition to having intestine-specific characteristics, it has been suggested that a population of intestinal Foxp3+ Treg cells are extrathymically developed, ‘induced Treg cells (iTreg cells)'. There are several reports demonstrating that Foxp3+ Treg cells can...

..., Niec RE, Kim HY, Treuting P, Chinen T, Zheng Y, Umetsu DT, Rudensky AY: Extrathymically generated regulatory T cells control mucosal T H 2 inflammation. Nature 2012;482:395-399. 39. O'Mahony C, Scully P, O'Mahony D, Murphy S, O'Brien F, Lyons A, Sherlock G, MacSharry J, Kiely B, Shanahan F...

... for whom an alternate invasive diagnostic approach, such as surgery, is not feasible. 4. Carcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors, and lymphomas may arise from the thymic gland. The cytopathology of these tumors resemble their appearance seen in extrathymic sites. Diagnostic Difficulties and Challenges...

... elements in the Foxp3 gene in regulatory T-cell fate. Nature 2010;463:808-812. 31. Josefowicz SZ, Niec RE, Kim HY, Treuting P, Chinen T, Zheng Y, Umetsu DT, Rudensky AY: Extrathymically generated regulatory T cells control mucosal TH2 inflammation. Nature 2012;482:395-399. 32. Thornton AM, Korty PE...

.... Durham MM, Bingaman AW, Adams AB, et al: Cutting edge: administration of anti-CD40 ligand and donor bone marrow leads to hemopoietic chimerism and donor-specific tolerance without cytoreductive conditioning. J Immunol 2000;165:1-4. 18. Wekerle T, Sayegh MH, Hill J, et al: Extrathymic T cell deletion...

...' disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009;1153:264-271. 43. Pérez AR, Morrot A, Berbert LR, Terra-Granado E, Savino W: Extrathymic CD4+CD8+ lymphocytes in Chagas disease: possible relationship with an immunoendocrine imbalance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012;1262:27-36. 44. Lepletier A, de Frias Carvalho V, Morrot...

... in a process of peripheral immune education [ 37 ]. Such extrathymic generation of T Reg cells has also been observed in the gut of mice fed a soluble protein antigen. Additionally, there is apparently a reciprocal effect on preserving the composition of the gut microbiota, probably because the local...

... leads to hemopoietic chimerism and donor-specific tolerance without cytoreductive conditioning. J Immunol 2000;165:1-4. 18. Wekerle T, Sayegh MH, Hill J, et al: Extrathymic T cell deletion and allogeneic stem cell engraftment induced with costimulatory blockade is followed by central T cell...

..., Besedovsky HO, Del Rey A: Neuroendocrine-immunology of experimental Chagas' disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009;1153:264-271. 43. Pérez AR, Morrot A, Berbert LR, Terra-Granado E, Savino W: Extrathymic CD4+CD8+ lymphocytes in Chagas disease: possible relationship with an immunoendocrine imbalance. Ann N Y Acad...

... degree, in thymic dendritic cells [ 23 , 24 ]. Importantly, medullary thymic epithelial cells are a privileged site of promiscuous gene expression, a phenomenon characterized by transcription of genes encoding for autoantigens ordinarily restricted to specific extrathymic tissues. Thymic self...