... Abstract Recent large clinical trials have reported that despite the maintenance of target hemoglobin (Hb) levels, higher doses of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) and/or iron preparations are significantly associated with higher risks of adverse events and death in maintenance...

... Abstract Approximately 5-10% of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) exhibit hyporesponsiveness to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), defined as a continued need for higher than 300 IU/kg/week doses of epoetin or a 1.5 mg/kg/week dose of darbepoetin. ESA hyporesponsiveness...

.... Treatment therefore involves erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). Optimal erythropoietic response to ESA therapy also requires adequate iron management. However, iron metabolism is also dysregulated in CKD patients. Summary: During erythropoiesis, biomarkers of iron metabolism are dramatically...

... Abstract Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) and iron therapy are the standard of care for normocytic normochromic anaemia, which is a frequent comorbidity of patients with chronic kidney disease. In a large percentage of patients, ESAs and iron increase haemoglobin levels, thus reducing...

... that in nonelderly patients, but also changes in the secretion of sex hormones with aging and decreases in erythropoiesis in the bone marrow. Thus, it is presumed that compared with nonelderly CKD patients, elderly CKD patients are hyporesponsive to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) and show...

... Abstract Anemia, inflammation, resistance to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) and hypogonadism (testosterone deficiency) are highly prevalent conditions, which heralds poor prognosis, in chronic kidney disease (CKD). It has been speculated that testosterone stimulates erythropoiesis via...

... Abstract Anemia is a common complication of patients receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD) but has been little studied compared to other chronic kidney disease (CKD) populations. A number of factors can affect its severity or response to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA). Some, such as iron...

... aggravating factor for heart failure, and the concept of “cardiorenal anemia syndrome,” wherein renal disorder, cardiac disease, and anemia interact with each other to form a vicious cycle has also been discussed [ 1 ]. Drugs such as erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) and iron preparations are used...

... agents (ESAs) increases Hb levels efficiently in most of these patients. In addition, peptidic therapeutics with extended plasma half-lives have emerged as second-generation recombinant human ESAs (darbepoetin alfa and methoxy-polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta). These therapeutic options have greatly...

... can be performed using the conventional 20-gauge system, or with microincision transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy 23- or 25-gauge systems. Each vitrectomy procedural pack contains a vitrectomy cutter, handheld light pipe, scleral plugs, and MVR blade (for 20-gauge) or entry site alignment (ESA...

... (ESAs). Studies to date provide a suggestionof an association between Hb cycling and mortality, but they have been primarilyexploratory in nature and clinical trials comparing treatment strategies leading to differentdegrees of Hb variability are needed. The great majority of incidences of pure red cell...

..., helping in hematopoiesis and iron absorption for the process of hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis. The treatment is, therefore, mainly based on the administration of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) and the regulation of iron stores. It is, thus, crucial to maintain the optimal iron levels...

... mass correlates with aerobic capacity, some athletes seek to increase erythropoiesis by pharmacological means (table 1 ). Treatment with rhEpo or other erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) may enhance performance by raising Hb concentration. Studies show that following the administration of low...

... agents(ESA) depends on both the RBC’s lifespan and the production rate, uniform dosing algorithmsdo not meet that demand. The clinical use of mathematical models predicting ESAinducedchanges in hematocrit might be greatly improved once independent estimates ofRBC production rate and/or lifespan become...

... in patients with chronic renal dysfunction. It may lead to increased risk of cardiac events as well as decreased ADL and is also, directly or indirectly, associated with various kinds of infections and affects the life expectancy of patients. The advent of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) including...

... enterocytes and release from macrophages. In addition, erythropoietin production is suppressed relative to the degree of anemia present. Similar mechanisms underlie anemia of chronic renal disease. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) have thus been utilized to treat iron-restricted erythropoiesis...

...References References 1. Rall M, Gaba DM: Human performance and patient safety; in Miller R (ed): Miller's Anesthesia, ed 7. Philadelphia, Churchhill Livingstone, 2009, pp 93-150. 2. Kristensen SD, Knuuti J, Saraste A, Anker S, Botker HE, De Hert S, et al: 2014 ESC/ESA Guidelines on non...