... study, an epidemiological project, or the statistical analysis of a clinical trial. Hypotheses Studies can be exploratory or hypothesis-driven. In exploratory studies, many variables are correlated with the effect of interest. Some of the variables may show a more or less pronounced effect...

... the national oral healthcare policies guided by epidemiology-based models of care. Abstract This chapter summarizes the clinical data on coronal caries distribution and sociodemographic drivers in children, adults, and older people, at a global level. Mapping global caries prevalence showed an extreme...

... and then introduce epidemiology as the core science of public health. We will describe the common epidemiological study designs with a focus on observational studies and explore the role of the various study designs in addressing different types of research question, and thereby contributing to distinct aspects...

... no effect of such residence on GDM in most immigrant groups [ 55 ]. Timing of screening for GDM is an area of intense debate and has epidemiological implications. While the majority of guidelines recommend screening for pregestational diabetes (using standard diagnostic criteria described above) in all...

... in low- and middle-income countries are at great risk due to resource constraints and are also subject to the potential “dual burden” of prevalent undernutrition in the face of increasing obesity. This article reviews current evidence regarding the epidemiology of pregnancy obesity, with particular...

... be effective to decrease the risk of progression of DR [ 8 ]. Correspondingly, a meta-analysis including 27,120 diabetic patients found that the pooled incidence of proliferative DR was lower in participants from 1986 to 2008 (2.6%) compared with participants from 1975 to 1985 (19.5%) [ 9 ]. Epidemiology...

... risk, such as indulging in smoking, excessive indulgence in alcohol and maintenance of poor diet [ 2 ]. The economic consequences of head and neck cancer in developing countries are significant, and accurate epidemiological studies of the present and future disease is essential to enable improved...

... are summarized, explained, and classified according to the patients' extracellular volume status. An in-depth review of the existing literature on epidemiologic data on incidence and prevalence of hyponatremia is provided covering the general population as well as the patient groups with community-acquired...

... Abstract Despite their limitations, caries epidemiology continues to rely predominantly on visual/tactile indices for detecting and assessing carious lesion-related conditions. Over the last 4 to 5 decades, the prevalence and severity of dental caries in primary and permanent dentitions have...