... Abstract Energy is necessary for all vital functions of the body at molecular, cellular, organ, and systemic levels. Preterm infants have minimum energy requirements for basal metabolism and growth, but also have requirements for unique physiology and metabolism that influence energy...

... nutrition is of course required. Basically, this encompasses adequate amounts of protein of good quality, energy to finance the cost of protein synthesis, essential fatty acids, and all micronutrients including trace elements. Other requirements besides these nutrients are for example oxygen to facilitate...

... Energy needs Requirements Basal metabolic rate Physical activity level Energy cost of growth Key Messages Energy requirements of infants, children, and adolescents are defined as the amount of energy needed to balance total energy expenditure at a desirable level of physical...

... Infants and children with growth faltering often need an enhanced intake of energy and nutrients. Increasing the energy density, i.e., the amount of energy per food portion or per milliliter of a liquid food, can increase the total energy intake, even when the total amount of food taken...

...Key Messages Energy requirements are influenced by age and weight in addition to other clinical factors. Weight gain is a reasonable surrogate marker for adequate energy intake in the preterm infant. Energy balance influences not only weight gain, but also body composition. Glucose...

... Abstract There is increasing concern regarding how to sustainably meet the basic needs of a growing population with a continuously decreasing resource base. This study analyses the water-energy-food nexus in Burundi. The country experiences challenging demographic pressures which increase...

... Abstract The transition from risk factors in the first 1,000 days to childhood obesity occurs largely through the development of maladaptive eating behaviors that emerge early, remain stable, and support greater energy intake over time. We have examined the association between eating behaviors...

... Abstract Usual energy and nutrient intakes and food sources were evaluated in school-aged children in the Philippines using data from the 2013 National Nutrition Survey. A total of 6,565 children 6-12 years old from all sampled 8,592 households were interviewed for a 24-h dietary recall (first...

... mortality. Recently, the focus has been on protein energy wasting (PEW) - an underlying disease condition in sarcopenia or frailty. PEW is an energy wasting condition occurring in dialysis patients, and the cause of PEW is principally decreased food intake and increased catabolism. It has recently been...

... Abstract The emergence of the endochondral skeleton in terrestrial animals enabled ambulation against increased gravitational forces and provided a storage site for scarce minerals essential for life. This skeletal upgrade increased overall fuel requirements and altered global energy balance...

... by biologically active molecules (also called middle molecular weight uremia retention solutes), inflammation associates with a range of complications including cardiovascular disease and protein-energy wasting (PEW). Persistent inflammation, which is central to the conceptual etiological models of PEW...

... Energy needs, requirements Basal metabolic rate Physical activity level Energy cost of growth Key Messages • Energy requirements of infants, children and adolescents are defined as the amount of energy needed to balance total energy expenditure at a desirable level of physical...

... Infants and children with growth faltering often need an enhanced intake of energy and nutrients. Increasing the energy density, i.e. the amount of energy per food portion or per millilitre of a liquid food, can increase the total energy intake even when the total amount of food taken remains...

... Adiposity Body mass index Body fat Body composition Energy balance Key Messages • Changes in weight and height over time are critical parameters for detecting health-related energy imbalances. • Current adult adiposity can be evaluated using body mass index (BMI). The healthy...