...) and arteriovenous grafts (AVGs). Monitoring AVF with physical examination by trained physicians represents an accurate method for diagnosis of malfunction. AVF stenoses >50% in diameter should be treated either by surgical or endovascular means when accompanied with access malfunction. Aneurysms and infections...

... Abstract Several different surgical and endovascular interventions are used in the secondary prevention of stroke, the most frequent of which is carotid endarterectomy. Endarterectomy is beneficial in patients with 50–99% recently symptomatic carotid stenosis. Recent research has gone further...

... Abstract This chapter will review the current status of scientific knowledge to support evidencebasedmedicine guidelines for the endovascular treatment of cerebrovascular disease. Threemajor areas of cerebrovascular disease will be examined, (1) occlusive cerebrovascular disease,(2) vascular...

... and Fontaine classifications do not adequately classify wound complexity and omit any mention of underlying infection. The rapid evolution of endovascular therapy expanded the number of patients and anatomic disease patterns that could be treated with an approach that was less invasive than open surgery...

... and adventitia layers, the presence of end-anastomosing perforator branches, and the vascular tortuosity from groin to head all demand specialized operative skills and dedicated tools. Since the stroke mechanism of ICAS is diverse, patient selection for endovascular treatment requires a sound understanding...

... are microsurgery, endovascular embolization, and radiosurgery. In acutely ruptured AVMs, early microsurgical excision is usually avoided. The standard is to wait at least 4 weeks to allow for patient recovery, hematoma liquefaction, and inflammatory reactions to subside. Exceptions to this rule are small...

... of hemorrhage, initial treatment with endovascular embolization or surgery for the prompt elimination of the aggressive components of DAVFs is necessary. In such cases, radiosurgery may serve as a secondary treatment for further management of residual nidus after initial intervention. The latent period...

... ulcers. Diabetes Care 1998;21:625-630. 7. Diehm N, Pattynama PM, Jaff MR, Cremonesi A, Becker GJ, Hopkins LN, Mahler F, Talen A, Cardella JF, Ramee S, van Sambeek M, Vermassen F, Biamino G: Clinical endpoints in peripheral endovascular revascularization trials: a case for standardized definitions...

... to tailor the available strategies and techniques to the patient's clinical condition. The evidence available on the effectiveness of each of the available techniques is quite heterogenous and frequently at high risk of bias [ 10 ]. Despite this, endovascular revascularization seems to offer some...

... participation. Vascular access (VA) dysfunctions identified by regular monitoring and surveillance need further evaluation. Color duplex ultrasound is evolving as the primary tool to evaluate functional implication of the structural problems in the VA. While ease of scheduling makes endovascular management...

... KG, Willinsky R, et al: Endovascular treatment of intracerebral arteriovenous malformations: experience in 49 cases. J Neurosurg 1991;75:228-233. 58. Yu SC, Chan MS, Lam JM, et al: Complete obliteration of intracranial arteriovenous malformation with endovascular cyanoacrylate embolization...