... Diet history Dietary assessment Food intake Behavior assessment Food environment Key Messages An adequate nutritional assessment, including both diet history and dietary assessment, is usually the first approach to the evaluation of nutritional status. A child’s dietary...

... Abstract In the past, studies linking diet to health have mainly concentrated on individual nutrients and specific health outcomes. However, humans consume food as a whole, not just isolated nutrients. Since the early 2000s, there has been a shift in assessing dietary exposures, moving away...

... Abstract Dietary patterns (DPs) have shifted the focus in nutrition epidemiology away from being nutrient centered. Foods are consumed not as single nutrients but as a combination of dietary components interacting with each other. DPs are indicators of diet quality. Two approaches are used...

... Linoleic acid Alpha-linolenic acid Saturated fatty acids Cholesterol Milk fat globule membrane Key Messages The energy content of dietary fats is approximately 9 kcal/g (>2-fold higher than that of carbohydrates and protein). Therefore, the fat content of foods is a major...

... Dietary reference values Dietary patterns Food preference Meal frequency Meal composition Family meals Portion size Key Messages Children should usually consume five daily meals (e.g., three main meals and two snacks). For each meal grains and sources of healthy proteins...

... remains limited. Such an increase of energy density can be achieved by using one or several elements of a stepwise approach. Elements of a Stepwise Approach to Increase Energy and Nutrient Supply Analysis of needs, diet, and feeding situation. Individual, professional counselling on dietary...

... Motor skills Cognitive and social skills Taste, texture and food preferences Red alerts Key Messages Assessment of feeding skills during the different developmental stages is essential in understanding the dietary intake and nutritional status of children. Assessment of motor...

... Abstract A dietary pattern rich in refined sugars is associated with higher caries experience. However, people show differences in references for certain foods, and these differences are genetic in origin. In this chapter, dietary preference is the focus of the discussion of individual...

... of healthy dietary habits. Previous studies have suggested that healthy dietary patterns, such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), the Mediterranean diet, the vegetarian diet, and a diet adhering to the Healthy Eating Index, are associated with improved renal health. In this chapter, we...

... consumption is associated with various adverse health risks. However, observational studies can never prove causality, dietary intake records are known to be highly problematic, and the huge number of correlation interdependencies among environmental “exposome” variables makes it impossible to attribute...

... fortification with micronutrients described how to achieve these targets. They are based on the following main pillars: (1) increasing dietary diversity, (2) supplementation, (3) fortification, and (4) biofortification [ 4 ]. However, other complementary factors, such as maternal knowledge, caring practices...

... are influencing the nutrition diversity and food security situation. The findings highlight low dietary diversity with more than 80% of women and 77% of children consuming less than the daily recommended food groups. A high level of food insecurity (49.9%) was also reported in the study area (https://www.snrd...

... when available, but when data are not available for age groups of interest, we collect data using similar methods. So far, we have applied a common analysis approach in Australia, China, Mexico, the Philippines, Russia, and the United States. Although dietary data collection methods shared similarities...

... Abstract FITS (the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study) 2016 is a national, cross-sectional survey to evaluate the diets and feeding practices of US infants and children <48 months ( n = 3,235). Dietary intakes were assessed using 24-h recalls, including a replicate subsample ( n = 799...

.... During growth, not only is there an increase in the net deposition of protein, but the rates of both protein synthesis and breakdown are also increased leading potentially to an increased demand of dietary protein in conditions of increased turnover. When referring to growth, the growth potential...

..., a critical period for growth and development, has led to a programmatic focus on this “1,000 days” in the life cycle. Dietary interventions, including nutrition education and for undernourished women provision of food supplements during pregnancy, result in improvements in fetal growth that position...

... Based on the physiological insights provided by the contributions to Session I, it is obvious that human growth is affected by substrate availability to the organism and endocrine responses, both of which are modifiable by dietary intake. The impact and effect sizes of dietary choices...

... Abstract Undernutrition, low dietary diversity, and micronutrient deficiencies remain big problems in many developing countries. A large proportion of the people affected are smallholder farmers. Against this background, it is often assumed that further diversifying small-farm production could...