... Abstract Diabetes, a major public health concern, is increasing in prevalence worldwide. A diabetic patient has an up to 25% lifetime risk of developing a foot ulcer condition that predisposes that patient to lower-extremity amputation. The underlying pathology is diabetic peripheral neuropathy...

... Abstract Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema result from chronic damage to the neurovascular structures of the retina. The pathophysiology of retinal damage remains uncertain but includes metabolic and neuroinflammatory insults. These mechanisms are addressed by intensive metabolic...

... Abstract Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a non-invasive, rapid, and 3-dimensional evaluation of retinal vasculature well-suited for the evaluation of the microvasculopathy of diabetes. It visualizes the key clinical features of diabetic retinopathy (DR), including...

... Abstract With the rapid change in lifestyle in modern society, diabetes has become a major health problem all around the world. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of visual impairment in working-age adults worldwide. The most common early clinically visible manifestations of DR...

... Abstract The early history of the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is reviewed here. Mortality before and after the introduction of insulin therapy is considered first. Insulin therapy from 1923 onwards is then discussed with the focus on the rise in amounts of insulin administered from...

... Abstract Retinal changes in a diabetic patient were first described in 1855 by Eduard Jäger Ritter von Jaxtthal, soon followed by other ophthalmologists, although Albrecht von Graefe openly claimed that there was no evidence of a causal relationship between diabetes and retinal lesions. In 1868...

... Abstract In 1976 no treatment of diabetic nephropathy was available, and the median survival time was 5–7 years. In 1982–1983, two Danish investigators independently demonstrated the beneficial renoprotective effect of blood pressure lowering. Ten years later the superior renoprotective effect...

... Abstract Diabetic pregnancy represents the most important challenge of insulin therapy, requiring a continuous effort to maintain euglycemia and avoid severe hypoglycemic episodes. Hypoglycemia becomes a charge nearly inevitable to pay. Pregnancy itself may be associated with impaired counter...

... Abstract Early studies to understand the contribution of the placenta to the fetal phenotype have uncovered important information in normal and diabetic pregnancies. These are often untargeted using methods for discovery, that is, general OMIC methodologies on total placental tissue, mostly...

... Abstract Diabetes is one of the most common disorders complicating pregnancy, associated with negative outcomes for the fetus and newborn, including fetal congenital anomalies, stillbirth, and growth disorders. Ultrasonography (US) represents a noninvasive, readily available method to assess...

... Abstract Based on recent meta-analyses, 0.8 million people out of overall globally 32.4 million blind individuals and 3.7 million people out of 191 million moderately to severely visually impaired (MSVI) individuals were blind and visually impaired due to diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the year...

... Abstract Patients with diabetes may have retinopathy changes that carry an increased risk for cerebrovascular disease. Even patients without an established diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and hyperglycaemia may have retinopathy changes, which also indicate increased cerebrovascular risk. Due...

... Abstract Diabetes can cause a range of microvascular and macrovascular complications. Of these, retinopathy is the most common microvascular complication, while coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of macrovascular complication. The interplay between these 2 complications...