... challenging. Classically, NETs were subdivided based on the embryonic origin of the tumor cells in foregut, midgut and hindgut carcinoid tumors. More recently, the World Health Organization classification for gastrointestinal and pancreatic (p)NETs was modified and is now based on tumor differentiation...

... neuroendocrine tumors: the necessity of a type-adapted treatment. Arch Surg 2001;136:49-54. 3. Ichikawa J, Tanabe S, Koizumi W, Kida Y, Imaizumi H, Kida M, et al: Endoscopic mucosal resection in the management of gastric carcinoid tumors. Endoscopy 2003;35:203-206. 4. Debelenko LV, Emmert-Buck MR, Zhuang...

... neuroendocrine carcinomas. Pancreas 2010;39:799-800. 11. Ramage JK, Ahmed A, Ardill J, et al: Guidelines for the management of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine (including carcinoid) tumours (NETs). Gut 2012;61:6-32. 12. Janson ET, Sorbye H, Welin S, et al: Nordic Guidelines 2010 for diagnosis...

..., Schlosser K: Differentiation between thyroidal and ectopic calcitonin secretion in patients with coincidental thyroid nodules and pancreatic tumors - a report of two cases. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2010;118:520-523. 5. Furrer J, Hättenschwiler A, Komminoth P, Pfammatter T, Wiesli P: Carcinoid...

... necessarily based on expert experience, on the subgroup analysis of large multicenter trials not focused on pulmonary NENs, and on the analysis of small retrospective series. Somatostatin analogs represent the therapy of choice in the presence of associated carcinoid syndrome and ectopic acromegaly...

... of endocrine syndromes are classical carcinoid syndrome caused by serotonin (measured in the urine as its metabolite 5-HIAA), insulinoma syndrome caused by insulin or proinsulin, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome resulting from gastrin secretion, glucagonoma syndrome caused by glucagon, WDHA syndrome caused...

..., Gustafsson BI, Chan A, Svejda B, Kidd M, Modlin IM: The epidemiology of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2011;40:1-18. 20. Ellis L, Shale MJ, Coleman MP: Carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: trends in incidence in England since 1971. Am J...

... is an intrinsic part of the tumor designation with typical carcinoids corresponding to neuroendocrine tumor (NET) G1 and atypical carcinoids to NET G2; however, the presence or absence of necrotic foci is as important as proliferation for the differentiation between typical and atypical carcinoids...

...: Neuroendocrine bronchial and thymic tumors: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2012;23(suppl 7):vii120-123. 3. Ferolla P, Daddi N, Urbani M, et al: Tumorlets, multicentric carcinoids, lymph-nodal metastases, and long-term behavior in bronchial carcinoids. J...

... with a related clinical syndrome (functioning NENs) and/or symptoms of mass effects (functioning and nonfunctioning NENs). NENs differ in their pathogenesis, clinical syndromes produced, aspects of biological behavior and response to certain antitumor treatment. The carcinoid syndrome (CS) is the clinical...

... Abstract A series of studies of both carcinoids (ECLoma) and adenocarcinomas in both rodent models and patients has been performed to investigate several factors influencing gastric tumorigenesis. ECL cell hyperplasia and ECLoma occurred in the segment of oxyntic mucosa six months after...

... such as acromegaly, carcinoid syndrome and VIPoma significantly advanced from a nonspecific approach to one that specifically and effectively targeted the underlying pathophysiology. Clinical care was transformed from nonspecific symptom control to one of a significant improvement in not only quality of life...

..., most frequently localized to the ileum, is found intraoperatively in around 90% of the patients [ 71 ]. To avoid carcinoid crises caused by excess release of serotonin and other vasoactive substances in relation to surgery, liver embolization and anesthesia, patients with small intestinal NENs...

... NETs, with lesser evidence of activity in other foregut tumors. Activity in midgut carcinoid tumors appears to be negligible. Unfortunately, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials using modern response criteria are lacking: the bulk of the literature consists of small phase II trials...

... deletions on chromosome 11q13 in multiple tumors from individual MEN1 patients. Cancer Res 1996;56:5272-5278. 22. Debelenko LV, Emmert-Buck MR, Zhuang Z, et al: The multiple endocrine neoplasia type I gene locus is involved in the pathogenesis of type II gastric carcinoids. Gastroenterology 1997;113:773...

... in plasma and urine from patients with carcinoid tumours and endocrine pancreatic tumours. J Endocrinol 1995;144:49-59. 6. Baudin E, Gigliotti A, Ducreux M, Ropers J, Comoy E, Sabourin JC, Bidart JM, Cailleux AF, Bonacci R, Ruffie P, Schlumberger M: Neuron-specific enolase and chromogranin A as markers...