... Abstract The composition of an infant's gut microbiome can impact their immediate and long-term health. Bifdobacteria play a major role in structuring the gut microbiome of breastfed infants due to their ability to consume oligosaccharides found in human milk. However, recent studies have...

... who have birth weights <10th percentile of weight and receive fortified breast milk, (b) infants from developing countries who are breastfed according to the present recommendations but have low birth weight and length, and (c) children from developed countries who were enrolled in randomized...

... Abstract Breastfed infants have a growth pattern that is different from formula-fed infants, which is regarded as the optimal growth pattern. Breastfed infants increase more in weight, length, and BMI during the first 2-3 months of life and then have a slower growth velocity up to 12 months...

... in the target population is a must. In South Africa, randomized clinical trials [ 11 , 12 ] were done to test the safety of a new acidified formula in infants of HIV-positive mothers who could not breastfeed. Those infants are high at risk to become malnourished. It was impossible to enroll a breastfed control...

... and adult obesity. Infants fed high protein quality formulas with protein concentrations of 1.6-2.2 g/100 kcal from 3 to 4 months onwards experience weight gain that is very close to that of breastfed infants. Biomarkers (insulin or IGF-1) of infants receiving low protein formulas differ from those...

... more rapidly weight than breastfed infants. An updated meta-analysis (n = 1,150) indicates that infants from four continents who were fed a whey-based, low-protein (1.8 g/100 kcal) formula with an essential amino-acid profile closer to breast milk grow in accordance with the World Health Organization...

... Abstract Gut microbiota plays an important role in infants’ health. The prevalence of bifidobacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of term breastfed infants has been associated with reduced infection rates compared with formula-fed infants. However, few studies evaluated microbiota in premature...

... present in human milk. They may explain the differences in health outcomes observed between breastfed and non-breastfed infants. They influence the development of the immune and gastrointestinal systems, gut microbiota, neurodevelopment, metabolic health, and protection against infection. Human milk...

... weight and BMI relative to breastfed controls at the age of 2 years. The results available should lead to enhanced efforts to actively promote, protect and support breastfeeding. For infants that are not breastfed or not fully breastfed, the use of infant formulas with lower protein contents but high...

... Abstract Today the WHO Growth Chart Standards, based on the growth of breastfed infants, are used. These growth curves solve the problem of the deviating observations for breastfed compared to non-breastfed infants using previous growth charts. Presently it is not clear how the mother’s diet...

... of lactation. Clinical observational studies with breastfed infant-mother dyads associate specific HMOs with infant gut microbiota, morbidity, infectious diarrhea, and allergies. Observational and basic research data suggest that HMOs influence the establishment of early-life microbiota and mucosal immunity...

... Abstract Presently, hydrolyzed formulas (HF) are used primarily in infants that cannot be exclusively breastfed, those with cow's milk allergy and for primary prevention of allergic disease, but HFs are increasingly being used worldwide, begging the question if they may be recommended...

... of breastfeeding to the health outcomes of the breastfed infant and to the breastfeeding mother. For this reason, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for about 6 months and should be continued as long as mutually desired by mother and child. The evidence in the literature on the effect of breastfeeding...

... Abstract Breastfeeding has been associated with many benefits, both in the short and in the long term. Infants being breastfed generally have less illness and have better cognitive development at 1 year of age than formula-fed infants. Later in life, they have a lower risk of obesity, diabetes...

... process of three infant formulae is described. Improvement in protein quality allowed to reduce the protein concentration in whey-based infant formula. Weight gain and BMI of infants fed those formulae corresponds to breastfed infants and is lower than in infants fed traditional formulae with higher...

... formula than those fed a nutrient-enrichedinfant formula. This is not surprising because term formulas are designed to meet therequirements of the term infant, not the more rapidly growing preterm infant. Afterhospital discharge, breastfed infants do not grow as well as their formula-fed counterparts.Yet...

... the risk of diseases later in life in addition to positive health effects on the mother. An important effect is a reduction in risk of infectious diseases which has a marked reducing effect on mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Infants should preferably be exclusively breastfed for about...

... can partly explain some findings, yet there is a lack of consistency between the different observational studies of breastfed infants. Gaining a better understanding of the reasons behind these disparate findings is the key element going forward. Furthermore, studying human milk components, like HMOs...

.... Infants fed with infant formulas show different microbiome development trajectories from breastfed infants. Early data suggest that formulas containing a specific blend of human milk oligosaccharides partially mitigate this difference. Introduction of a complementary diet complexifies the identification...

... It is well known that breastfed infants are protected against infections, have better cognitive development than infants fed formula, and that long-term metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes are less common. Many factors in breast milk contribute to these favorable outcomes...