... Abstract The perinatal period is critical for human development. The brain of very low birth weight (VLBW, <1,500 g) infants is particularly vulnerable to undernutrition. Enteral nutrition is of major importance for the growth and the development of the gastrointestinal tract, which depends...

... of the microbiota occurs during and after birth, and different sources have been hypothesized for the colonizers of the infant gut [ 9 ] ( Table 1 ). Metagenomics with strain-level resolution is increasingly used to determine the origin of strains detected in infants and the modes of transmission. During vaginal...

... The health of very low birth weight infants is often challenged by immature tissues and organ systems including the gut and immune system paired with an unusual environment of a premature extrauterine life. Preterm birth comes with premature exposure to microbes that start to colonize...

... should establish and implement written protocol standards on the initiation and advancement of feeding preterm infants and on monitoring signs of feeding tolerance. Introduction With the increasing survival of preterm neonates of very low gestational age and of extremely low birth weight (ELBW...

.... However, the contribution of host susceptibility should not be underestimated [ 29 ]. Oral Microbiota in Edentulous Infants Bacterial colonization may already start before birth as the latest findings challenge the prevailing opinion that the uterus and, therefore, the fetus, are sterile...

... for Americans will expand to include recommendations for infants and toddlers (from birth to 24 months, i.e., B-24) for the first time in more than 35 years [ 1 ]. Given the very specific nutritional needs of the B-24 age group to support rapid growth and development, as well as the dynamic changes that occur...

... is perceived as the birth of endocrinology. It is noteworthy that after the discovery of these 2 gastrointestinal hormones, many other hormones were detected outside the gut, and thereafter gut hormones faded from both the clinical and scientific spotlight. Only recently, the clinical importance of the gut...

... Abstract Preterm birth and survival rates are rising globally, and consequently there is a growing necessity to safeguard life-long health. Epidemiological and other studies from around the world point to a higher risk of adverse adult health outcomes following preterm birth. These reports...

... Abstract Estimating the incidence of preterm birth depends on accurate assessment of gestational age and pregnancy outcomes. In many countries, such data are not routinely collected, making global estimates difficult. A recent systematic approach to this problem has estimated a worldwide...

... Abstract Intrauterine growth restriction and preterm birth (PTB) account for a large share of global child mortality, morbidity and developmental loss. Of the numerous risk factors for these conditions, maternal infections have been most consistently identified. Our aim was to study...

... Growth failure Parenteral nutrition Gastrointestinal priming Human milk fortification Key Messages • Nutrient administration, though technically difficult, must be initiated promptly after birth to avoid adverse effects of undernutrition • Because of immaturity of the intestinal...

... Abstract Most infant deaths (99%) occur in developing countries. The 14.9 million infants born prematurely (>11% of all live births) carry a particularly high mortality risk. This chapter discusses strategies to improve neonatal outcome under resource-restricted conditions, with a focus...

... Abstract Ranges of advisable nutrient intakes are presented for populations of fully enterally fed very low birth weight infants, based on current evidence and an intensive discussion with experts in July 2013. Recommended ranges of adequate nutrient intakes are expressed as amounts per...

... medicine) during the second half of the 19th century. Role of Hysteria in the Birth of Neurology at La Salpêtrière While the use of the term ‘neurologie’ became common in France only during the first years of the 20th century, the corresponding concept already encompassed...

... Abstract According to the ‘small baby syndrome hypothesis’, birth weight is claimed to show an inverse linear relationto later risk of type 2 diabetes. By looking into the literature 14 studies involving a total of 132,180individuals can be identified of which, however, only seven displayed...