... (C.I. 74160, 74260), quinacridones (C.I. 73915) or dioxazines (C.I. 51319) were fairly photostable in vitro, all azo pigments exposed to sunlight or laser were degraded into a variety of products, some of which were toxic or even carcinogenic, such as 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene, 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine...

... Abstract The results of the detection of carcinogenic aromatic amines in about 300 ink samples are discussed. All analysed inks contained at least one or more azo compound pigments, and the presence of aromatic amines could only have originated from these compounds through a chemical process...

... 4. Kennelly JC, Hertzog PJ, Martin CN: The release of 4,4'-diaminobiphenyls from azodyes in the rat. Carcinogenesis 1982;3:947-951. 7127676 10.1093/carcin/3.8.947 5. Cerniglia CE, Freeman JP, Franklin W, Pack LD: Metabolism of azo dyes derived from benzidine, 3,3′-dimethylbenzidine, and 3,3...

... patterns with emphasis on inflammatory tattoo reactions is introduced. Allergic reactions prevalent in red tattoos and often associated with azo pigments are manifested as the ‘plaque elevation', ‘excessive hyperkeratosis', and ‘ulceronecrotic' patterns. The allergen is a hapten. Nonallergic reactions...

...) are found almost exclusively in black tattoos. Second, tattooists use azo and polycyclic pigments to create nearly all colors of the visible spectrum. Due to their different chemistries, those tattoo colorants usually contain various compounds, such as by-products and impurities. Professional tattooists...

... of these pigments cover the whole colour spectrum but have worse dispersibility than inorganic pigments. Organic pigments can be roughly divided into azo and polycyclic pigments. Azo Pigments Azo pigments are compounds that contain the azo group -N = N- chained to sp2-hybridised C atoms. The generic formula...

... into natural and synthetic organic pigments. The latter are more likely to be used, since synthetic materials are more controlled in their nature of composition. Organic pigments can be subdivided into azo pigments, polycyclic pigments, and pigment lakes. Azo pigments account for more than 50% of the organic...

... classes of organic pigments are used in tattoo and PMU inks, including azo pigments, polycyclic pigments, and phthalocyanine pigments. The frequently used black pigment is the main source of carcinogenic PAHs. Its purity is dependent on the source and manufacturing process. Although there is only one...

... purposes other than tattoo inks [ 16 ]. The chemical purity can be as low as 80%, thus with many contaminants and unknown chemicals. Azo pigments with the azo group -N=N- and phthalocyanines with a polycyclic molecular structure and copper are commonly used as red and green/blue pigments. Tattoo ink stock...

.... Eurpopäisches Arzneibuch (European Pharmacopoeia). Stuttgart, Deutscher Apotheker Verlag, 1997. 9. Rehn L: Blasengeschwülste bei fuchsin-arbeitern. Arch Klein Chir 1895;50:588-600. 10. Golka K, Kopps S, Myslak ZW: Carcinogenicity of azo colorants: influence of solubility and bioavailability. Toxicol...

... with the tissue. When a colorant is insoluble in its own matrix, it is called a pigment. Today, approximately 80% of the pigments in tattoo products are synthetic organic molecules, mostly azo pigments and polycyclic compounds [ 2 ]. The most frequently used inorganic pigments are titanium dioxide, barium sulfate...

... would be granuloma formation in tattooed eyebrows where black pigment is applied and allergy in tattooed lips where red azo pigment is applied. Moreover, iron oxide pigments especially used in cosmetic tattoos due to their diminished color strength may have their own category of complications...

... of a carcinogenic aromatic amine from an azo dye by human skin bacteria in vitro. Hum Exp Toxicol 1999;18:552-559. 10523869 10.1191/096032799678845061 6. Serup J: News and challenges. European Congress on Tattoo and Pigment Research, Copenhagen, November 13-14, 2013. http://www.iss.it/binary/ondi/cont...

... a hospital material. Dermatology 2017, in press. DOI 10.1159/000453315. 14. Sepehri M, Jørgensen B, Serup J: Introduction of dermatome shaving as first line treatment of chronic tattoo reactions. J Dermatol Treat 2015;26:451-455. 15. Gaudron S, Bouëdec MCF, Franck F, D'Incan M: Azo pigments...