... Coding of Face and Body Surface Anatomy A simple view of the characteristic and variable traits of the many races of mankind around the world bare the easy conclusion that genetic control of the face is powerful in any gender and age group. In the USA, triplet conventions, also visited...

... Abstract A characteristic feature of the anatomy of the human face is its arrangement in layers. The main layers include, from outside to inside: (i) the skin; (ii) the subcutaneous fat; (iii) the superficial musculoaponeurotic system; (iv) the deep fat, and (iv) the periosteum overlying...

... is smaller and carries signals to the masticatory muscles leaving the skull with mandibular nerve [ 1 - 3 ]. Fig. 1. Anterior view of trigeminal external anatomy. Left side: trigeminal branches; right side: superficial nerves. Permission to use the image was obtained from Springer Nature and authors...

... classify this muscle as belonging to the palatine vault and not to the tongue [ 39 , 40 ]. A very important aspect is related to the innervation of this muscle. Classical anatomy describes palatoglossal muscle as the only tongue muscle that is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (XII...

... of cerebrospinal fluid leaks, as well as providing recommendations and tips. Several endoscopic and sectional macroscopic anatomical images provide the reader with an informative, illustrative, and broad perspective of anterior skull base anatomy. The anatomy of the human skull has not changed...

... from functionally diverse cortical areas through motor nuclei of the thalamus to influence the motor cortex. However, an accumulation of information about basal ganglia anatomy has led to an updated view [ 3 ]. It is now clear that basal ganglia efferents terminate in different subdivisions...

... these products should be highly competent in the nuances of performing these procedures. The most important aspect of successful facial filler injection is competence in understanding the relevant anatomy which enhances outcomes and minimizes complications. This chapter highlights the pearls of facial anatomy...

... illustrated as part of the gut interacting sensory system. Anatomy of the Small Intestine Ranking lists of the human body's largest organs are available. The skin is usually listed, for example, in Wikipedia as the largest organ due to its weight (>10 kg). However, this may be easily surpassed...

... Abstract Anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology are inextricably linked in patients with intracranial atherosclerosis. Knowledge of abnormal or pathological conditions such as intracranial atherosclerosis stems from detailed recognition of the normal pattern of vascular anatomy. The vascular...

... Abstract It is necessary for the surgeon to be familiar with frontal recess anatomy during an endoscopic approach to the frontal sinuses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of frontal recess cells in Japanese adults as well as the association between the frontal recess...

... anatomy of the retina. A variety of insults to the retina can generate pathological processes, which disrupt this delicate structure and lead to retinal diseases. This chapter provides a brief overview of the normal retinal anatomy, as well as an introduction to a few key pathological changes in retinal...

... in limiting it to the epithelium or extending it to the entire thickness of the conjunctiva and all layers of the cornea. Functional Anatomy The key player at the OS is the transparent cornea, which interfaces with light rays as they traverse to the retina. The other elements of the OS serve...

... regurgitation. There can be a significant social stigma associated with velopharyngeal dysfunction, and surgical treatment can be curative in many cases. Knowledge of the normal anatomy and physiology of the velopharyngeal complex is essential when planning for surgical repair. Anatomy...

... Abstract An overview of the anatomy and biogenesis of salivary glands is important in order to understand the physiology, functions and disorders associated with saliva. A major disorder of salivary glands is salivary hypofunction and resulting xerostomia, or dry mouth, which affects hundreds...